Stable and soluble formulations of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and methods of preparation thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to stable formulations of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), e.g., pazopanib; methods of preparation thereof; and use of the disclosed formulations in sustained delivery of the active agent to a target site. The disclosure further relates to methods of converting one polymorphic Form of a TKI to another polymorphic Form and/or an amorphous form.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/819,682 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,474,756), filed Aug. 6, 2015, whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/035,274,filed Aug. 8, 2014, contents of each of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to stable formulations of receptortyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), e.g., pazopanib; methods ofpreparation thereof; and use of the disclosed formulations in sustaineddelivery of the active agent to a target site. The disclosure furtherrelates to methods of converting one polymorphic Form of a TKI toanother polymorphic Form and/or an amorphous form.

BACKGROUND

Preparing formulations of therapeutic agents that have low solubility inwater and delivering the agents to a target tissue has been a majorchallenge for pharmacologists and therapeutic agent delivery scientists.See Gaudana R. et al., Ocular Therapeutic agent Delivery, AAPS J.,12(3): 348-360 (2010). The combined effect of the unique anatomy andphysiology of the eye and the low water solubility of the therapeuticagents for treating ocular diseases or disorders have frustrated thedelivery of these agents to a desired target site of the eye. SeeGaudana. There is, therefore, a need for formulations and deliverysystems, which will allow high solubility of the therapeutic agents andimprove stability and efficacy at the target tissues.

Protein kinases have been implicated in ocular diseases, not limited to,but including age related macular degeneration (hereinafter “AMD”),diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Transmembrane receptor protein kinases exhibit an extracellular domain,capable of ligand binding. These ligand binding mechanisms triggeractivation of the kinase catalytic domain which initiates a cascade ofsignals that controls intracellular functions.

Examples of receptor protein kinase are growth factors such as EGF, FGF,VEGF, PDGF and IGF. Elevated levels of soluble growth factors, such asvascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF), have been found in oculartissues and fluids removed from patients with pathologic ocularangiogenesis. Various ocular tissues including the neurosensory retinaand retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) are known to respond to hypoxia,inflammation, and trauma by increasing VEGF expression that can lead toblood-retina barrier breakdown (i.e., enhanced vascular permeability andextracellular edema) and/or pathologic neovascularization (NV).

Delivery of therapeutic agents in the eye is challenging. Majordrawbacks exist in the current delivery means because of the recurrentintravitreal injections required for chronic maintenance therapy.Repeated intravitreal injections present both a risk and a burden topatients. Endophthalmitis, retinal detachments, traumatic cataract, andincreased intraocular pressure (IOP) are all potentialvision-threatening sequela to the intravitreal route of administration.Moreover, monthly treatment or even monthly monitoring is a substantialburden to patients, their caregivers, and to the medical community,especially when considering that treatment may need to persist for apatient's lifetime. While roughly one-third of patients experienceimproved vision when treated with repeated intravitreal injections ofcertain biologic VEGF inhibitors, the majority of patients experienceonly stabilization of reduced vision.

Formulations may provide less than ideal stability in one or more wayswhen injected into a therapeutic device in at least some instances. Forexample, a buffer of the injected formulation may be released from thedevice into the vitreous in at least some instances. Also, diffusion ofhydrogen ions and hydroxide ions between the reservoir and the vitreousmay affect the pH of the formulation within the device.

In at least some instances, a buffer of a fluid of the eye such as thevitreous humor having a physiological pH may enter the device and affectthe pH of the formulation within the device, such that the stability ofthe therapeutic agent may be less than ideal in at least some instances.

In at least some instances, formulation components added to increase thesolubility of the therapeutic agents may bind the therapeutic agent sostrongly that efficacy at the target tissue may be less than ideal in atleast some instances.

In light of the above, it is desirable to provide improved formulationsof therapeutic agents for therapeutic devices that overcome at leastsome of the above deficiencies of the known formulations, for example,with improved therapeutic agent release that can be maintained over anextended time when implanted.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods andmaterials are described below. All publications, patent applications,patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated byreference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control. In addition, thematerials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intendedto be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description and claims.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates generally to formulations of atherapeutic agent having low solubility in water. Receptor tyrosinekinase inhibitor, e.g., pazopanib, formulations and methods ofpreparation and use in treating and ameliorating ophthalmic diseasesand/or disorders are disclosed herein.

The present disclosure provides stable pharmaceutical formulation(s) ofa pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a therapeutic agent having lowaqueous solubility, and one or more formulation agents, wherein thepharmaceutically acceptable salt is a monovalent or a divalent salt, andthe one or more formulation agents comprise a complexing agent, asolubilizing agent, and optionally a buffering agent; wherein the saltof the therapeutic agent is in solution in the formulation. Thetherapeutic agent is pazopanib.

The present disclosure provides stable pharmaceutical formulation(s) ofa pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a therapeutic agent having lowaqueous solubility, and one or more formulation agents, wherein thepharmaceutically acceptable salt is a monovalent or a divalent salt, andthe one or more formulation agents comprise a complexing agent, asolubilizing agent, and a buffering agent; wherein the salt of thetherapeutic agent is in solution in the formulation. The therapeuticagent is pazopanib.

The present disclosure provides stable pharmaceutical formulation(s) ofa pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a therapeutic agent having lowaqueous solubility, and one or more formulation agents, wherein thepharmaceutically acceptable salt is a monovalent or a divalent salt, andthe one or more formulation agents comprise a complexing agent, asolubilizing agent, but without a buffering agent; wherein the salt ofthe therapeutic agent is in solution in the formulation. The therapeuticagent is pazopanib.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a monovalent or a divalenthalide salt. The salt is a chloride salt. The monovalent salt is stablein formulation up to a concentration of about 60 mg/mL. The divalentsalt is stable in formulation up to a concentration of about 70 mg/mL.The divalent salt crystal structure prior to formulation is Form XIV asdetermined by XRPD. The stability of the monovalent salt in theformulation is increased by performing lyophilization of the therapeuticagent from an organic solvent before solubilizing in a solution with theformulation agents. The organic solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ortrifluoro ethanol (TFE). The lyophilization from DMSO converts onecrystalline phase form of the therapeutic agent to another form. Thelyophilization from DMSO converts crystalline phase Form A to a materialcontaining at least about 70% crystalline phase Form G, as determined byXRPD. The lyophilization from TFE converts crystalline phase Form A topartially or completely amorphous phase. The pH is adjusted duringformulation of the therapeutic agent, or the pH is not adjusted duringformulation of the therapeutic agent.

The solubilizing agent in the formulations and in the methods ofpreparing the formulations of the present disclosure is a polymer, e.g.,poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP); the buffering agent, when present, isHistidine HCl; the complexing agent is a cyclodextrin is:2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, randomlymethylated-β-cyclodextrin, ethylated-β-cyclodextrin,triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin,carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin,2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin,glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, branched-β-cyclodextrin,hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-γ-cyclodextrin,trimethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, or any combination(s) thereof; and thetherapeutic agent is pazopanib (5-[[4-[(2,3-Dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)methylamino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2-methylbenzolsulfonamide)salts, e.g., pazopanib 1HCl or pazopanib 2HCl.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stable, solutionpharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of atherapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility, wherein the salt is adivalent salt, the method comprising (a) dissolving the salt in asolution of one or more formulation agents, wherein the formulationagents comprise a complexing agent, a solubilizing agent, and optionallya buffering agent, and (b) adjusting the pH to an optimal value afterdissolving the salt in the formulation agents. The present disclosureprovides a method of preparing a stable, solution pharmaceuticalformulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a therapeutic agenthaving low aqueous solubility, wherein the salt is a divalent salt, themethod comprising (a) dissolving the salt in a solution of one or moreformulation agents, wherein the formulation agents comprise a complexingagent, a solubilizing agent, and a buffering agent, and (b) adjustingthe pH to an optimal value after dissolving the salt in the formulationagents. The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stable,solution pharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt of a therapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility, wherein thesalt is a divalent salt, the method comprising (a) dissolving the saltin a solution of one or more formulation agents, wherein the formulationagents comprise a complexing agent, and a solubilizing agent, butwithout a buffering agent, and (b) adjusting the pH to an optimal valueafter dissolving the salt in the formulation agents.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stable, solutionpharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of atherapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility, wherein the salt is amonovalent salt, the method comprising (a) treating the salt with abase; (b) dissolving the base treated salt in a solution of one or moreformulation agents, wherein the formulation agents comprise complexingagent, a solubilizing agent, and optionally a buffering agent, and (c)adjusting the pH with an acid to a pH equal to or below about 2, whereinthe base treatment increases the total salt content in the formulationand the adjusting pH with acid increases solubility of the salt in theformulation.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stable, solutionpharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of atherapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility, in which the salt is amonovalent salt; the method includes (a) preparing a solution of thesalt in an organic solvent; (b) lyophilizing the solution, therebypreparing a lyophilized salt of the therapeutic agent; (c) dissolving asolubilizing agent and a buffering agent in water, thereby preparing asolution; (d) dissolving a complexing agent in the solution; and (e)adding the lyophlilized salt to the solution, mixing to dissolve thesalt in the solution at equal to or higher than about ambienttemperature; wherein pH of the formulation is optionally adjusted.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stable, solutionpharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of atherapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility, in which the salt is amonovalent salt; the method includes (a) preparing a solution of thesalt in an organic solvent (e.g., trifluoro ethanol, trifluoroethanol-water mixture, or dimethyl sulfoxide); (b) lyophilizing thesolution, thereby preparing a lyophilized salt of the therapeutic agent;(c) dissolving a solubilizing agent and a buffering agent in water,thereby preparing a solution; (d) dissolving an amount of a complexingagent in the solution, thereby preparing a low viscosity solution; (e)adding the lyophilized salt to the low viscosity solution, mixing,dissolving in the solution at equal to or higher (about 37° C.-about 50°C.) than about ambient temperature; adjusting pH of the low viscositysolution; and (f) adding and dissolving about 2× more the amount of thecomplexing agent to the low viscosity solution.

The lyophilizing from a polar aprotic solvent converts a crystallinephase Form A to a material containing at least about 70% Form G ofpazopanib, as determined by XRPD. The lyophilized salt is dissolved inthe solution at a temperature between about 37° C. to about 50° C. Thelyophilizing from an organosulfur compound converts a crystalline phaseForm A of pazopanib 1HCl to a material containing up to or at leastabout 70% Form G of pazopanib 1HCl, as determined by XRPD. Thelyophilizing from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) converts a crystalline phaseForm A of pazopanib 1HCl to a material containing up to or at leastabout 70% Form G of pazopanib 1 HCl, as determined by XRPD. Thelyophilizing from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) converts a crystalline phaseForm A of pazopanib 1HCl to a material containing about 100% Form G ofpazopanib 1 HCl, as determined by XRPD. The lyophilizing step from analcohol converts a crystalline phase Form A of pazopanib 1HCl to anamorphous (or microcrystalline) material form of pazopanib 1HCl, asdetermined by XPRD. The lyophilizing from an alcohol, e.g.,trifluoroethanol (TFE), converts a crystalline phase Form A of pazopanib1HCl to an amorphous (or microcrystalline) material form of pazopanib1HCl, as determined by XPRD. The Form A of pazopanib 1HCl is dissolvedin an alcohol, e.g., TFE, or in TFE/water mixtures and then the solutionis lyophilized. The lyophilized salt is dissolved in the solution at atemperature between about 37° C. to about 50° C.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stable, solutionpharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of atherapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility, in which the salt is amonovalent salt, e.g., pazopanib 1 HCl; the method includes (a)preparing a solution of the salt in an organic solvent (e.g., trifluoroethanol, trifluoro ethanol-water mixture, or dimethyl sulfoxide); (b)lyophilizing the solution, thereby preparing a lyophilized salt of thetherapeutic agent; (c) continuously mixing at least a solubilizingagent, a buffering agent, a complexing agent, and the lyophilized saltof a therapeutic agent, e.g., pazopanib 1 HCl, while adding water, atequal to or higher (e.g., about 37° C. to about 50° C.) than aboutambient temperature. The pH of the formulation is adjusted to about 6 toabout 7 with a base.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stable, solutionpharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of atherapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility, in which the salt is amonovalent salt, e.g., pazopanib 1 HCl; the method includes (a)preparing a solution of the salt in an organic solvent (e.g., trifluoroethanol, trifluoro ethanol-water mixture, or dimethyl sulfoxide); (b)lyophilizing the solution, thereby preparing a lyophilized salt of thetherapeutic agent; (c) continuously mixing at least a solubilizingagent, a buffering agent, a complexing agent, and the lyophilized saltof a therapeutic agent, e.g., pazopanib 1 HCl, while adding water, atequal to or higher (e.g., about 37° C. to about 50° C.) than aboutambient temperature. The pH of the formulation prepared by this methodis not adjusted.

The present disclosure provides a method of converting crystal Form A ofpazopanib to a material containing at least about 70% crystal Form G ofpazopanib, the method comprising dissolving Form A in DMSO andlyophilizing the resulting solution. The present disclosure provides amethod of converting crystal Form A of pazopanib to a materialcontaining about 100% crystal Form G of pazopanib, the method comprisingdissolving Form A in DMSO and lyophilizing the resulting solution.

The present disclosure provides a use of the formulation(s) of thepresent disclosure in a method of treating, preventing progression of,or ameliorating a symptom of a disorder characterized by vascularleakage or neovascularization (NV) in the retina of the eye of asubject.

The present disclosure provides a use of the formulation(s) of thepresent disclosure in the manufacture of a medicament for use in amethod of treating, preventing progression of, or ameliorating a symptomof a disorder characterized by vascular leakage or neovascularization(NV) in the retina of the eye of a subject.

The present disclosure provides a kit comprising a stable formulation(s)of the present disclosure contained in a reservoir chamber of atherapeutic device, wherein the reservoir chamber is coupled to a porousstructure for controlled release of the therapeutic agent in thevitreous of the eye.

The present disclosure provides drug delivery formulation(s) of thepresent disclosure contained in a reservoir chamber coupled to a porousstructure in a therapeutic agent delivery system for controlled releaseof the therapeutic agent in the vitreous of the eye; and wherein thecontrolled release of the formulation from the porous structure producesa concentration of the therapeutic agent in the vitreous that is lowerthan the concentration of the therapeutic agent in the reservoir chamberby at least two orders of magnitude.

The formulation(s) of the present disclosure is used in a method ofocular drug delivery. The formulation(s) of the present disclosure is anintravitreal delivery formulation. The formulation(s) of the presentdisclosure is not an eye drop. The formulation(s) of the presentdisclosure is not a topical delivery formulation. The formulation(s) ofthe present disclosure is not an oral delivery formulation or aparenteral delivery formulation. The formulation(s) of the presentdisclosure is not a periocular delivery formulation.

The present disclosure provides a method of treating and/or amelioratingan ophthalmic disease or disorder of the posterior segment of the eye,the method comprising delivering a stable pharmaceutical formulation ofa pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a therapeutic agent having lowaqueous solubility, and one or more formulation agents, from aintravitreal delivery device comprising a reservoir chamber coupled to aporous structure, wherein the formulation is contained in the reservoirof the device, and the controlled release of the formulation from thereservoir through the porous structure increases the half-life of thetherapeutic agent in the vitreous; wherein the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt is a monovalent or a divalent salt, and the one or moreformulation agents comprise a complexing agent, a solubilizing agent,and a buffering agent; wherein the salt of the therapeutic agent is insolution in the formulation. The reservoir chamber is re-fillable and isre-filled with the formulation after the device is inserted into theeye.

The reservoir chamber is re-filled with the formulation after the devicehas been in the eye for between 30-90 days, or up to 6 months.

The ophthalmic disease or disorder for treating and/or ameliorating withformulation(s) of the present disclosure is: diabetic retinopathy,age-related macular degeneration (AMD), pathologic choroidalneovascularization (CNV), pathologic retinal neovascularization,uveitis, retinal vein occlusion, ocular trauma, surgery induced edema,surgery induced neovascularization, cystoid macular edema, ocularischemia, retinopathy of prematurity, Coat's disease, sickle cellretinopathy, and/or neovascular glaucoma.

The present disclosure provides a method of converting a crystal form ofpazopanib, e.g., pazopanib 1HCl, to a material containing crystal Form Gof pazopanib, the method comprising dissolving the crystal form in DMSOand lyophilizing the resulting solution; in which the at least about 70%Form G of pazopanib is formed. The present disclosure provides a methodof converting a crystal form of pazopanib to a material containingcrystal Form G of pazopanib, the method comprising dissolving thecrystal form in DMSO and lyophilizing the resulting solution; in whichthe about 100% Form G of pazopanib is formed. The present disclosureprovides a method of converting a crystal form of pazopanib to amaterial containing crystal Form G of pazopanib, the method comprisingdissolving the crystal form in DMSO and lyophilizing the resultingsolution; in which between about 70% to about 100% (e.g., about 70%,about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%,about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%,about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 100%) Form G of pazopanib isformed.

The present disclosure provides a method of converting crystal Form A ofpazopanib, e.g., pazopanib 1HCl, to a material containing crystal Form Gof pazopanib, the method comprising dissolving Form A in DMSO andlyophilizing the resulting solution; in which the at least about 70%Form G of pazopanib is formed. The present disclosure provides a methodof converting crystal Form A of pazopanib to a material containingcrystal Form G of pazopanib, the method comprising dissolving thecrystal Form A in DMSO and lyophilizing the resulting solution; in whichthe about 100% Form G of pazopanib is formed. The present disclosureprovides a method of converting crystal Form A of pazopanib to amaterial containing crystal Form G of pazopanib, the method comprisingdissolving the crystal Form A in DMSO and lyophilizing the resultingsolution; in which between about 70% to about 100% (e.g., about 70%,about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%,about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%,about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 100%) Form G of pazopanib isformed.

In one aspect the present disclosure provides a stable pharmaceuticalformulation of pazopanib 1HCl for intravitreal delivery from a deliverydevice including a complexing agent, a solubilizing agent, andoptionally a buffering agent. Before dissolving, pazopanib 1HCl islyophilized in DMSO, which converts at least about 70% crystalline phaseform A of pazopanib 1HCl to crystalline phase form G and increasesstability. Pazopanib 1HCl in the formulation thus formed does notprecipitate when diluted and/or during or upon delivery into thevitreous for at least 50 days.

In one aspect the present disclosure provides a stable pharmaceuticalformulation of pazopanib 1HCl for intravitreal delivery from a deliverydevice including a complexing agent, a solubilizing agent, andoptionally a buffering agent. Before dissolving, pazopanib 1HCl islyophilized in trifluoro ethanol (TFE), which converts crystalline phaseform A of pazopanib 1HCl to partially or completely amorphous and/ormicrocrystalline phase. Pazopanib 1HCl in the formulation thus formeddoes not precipitate when diluted and/or during or upon delivery intothe vitreous for at least 50 days.

The present disclosure provides a method of converting a crystal form ofpazopanib to an amorphous form of pazopanib, the method comprisingdissolving the crystal form in TFE and lyophilizing the resultingsolution; in which up to or at least 96% amorphous pazopanib is formed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to understand the invention and to demonstrate how it may becarried out in practice, embodiments now described, by way ofnon-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawing inwhich:

FIG. 1 shows line graphs of in vitro drug release from implants (4.5sccm gas flow) filled with various forms of pazopanib formulated withCAPTISOL®. The measured release data is shown together with thepredicted release from the diffusion model.

FIG. 2A shows a therapeutic device implanted under the conjunctiva andextending through the sclera to release a therapeutic agent intovitreous humor of the eye so as to treat the retina, in accordance withvariations described herein.

FIG. 2B shows structures of a therapeutic device configured forplacement in an eye as in FIG. 2A, in accordance with variationsdescribed herein.

FIG. 2C shows a therapeutic device loaded into an insertion cannula, inwhich the device comprises an elongate narrow shape for insertion intothe sclera, and in which the device is configured to expand to a secondelongate wide shape for retention at least partially in the sclera, inaccordance with variations described herein.

FIG. 2D shows a therapeutic device comprising a reservoir suitable forloading in a cannula, in accordance with variations described herein.

FIG. 2E shows a therapeutic device configured for placement in an eye asin FIG. 2A, in accordance with variations described herein.

FIG. 2F shows an access port 180 suitable for incorporation with thetherapeutic device 100.

FIG. 3 shows a therapeutic device comprising a reservoir having apenetrable barrier disposed on a first end, a porous structure disposedon a second end to release therapeutic agent for an extended period, anda retention structure comprising an extension protruding outward fromthe container to couple to the sclera and the conjunctiva.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The materials, compounds, compositions, articles, and methods describedherein may be understood more readily by reference to the followingdetailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed subject matterand the Examples included therein. Before the present materials,compounds, compositions, articles, devices, and methods are disclosedand described, it is to be understood that the aspects described beloware not limited to specific methods or specific reagents, as such mayvary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein isfor the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is notintended to be limiting.

Also, throughout this specification, various publications arereferenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties,unless specified to the contrary, are hereby incorporated by referenceinto this application in order to more fully describe the state of theart to which the disclosed matter pertains. The references disclosed arealso individually and specifically incorporated by reference herein forthe material contained in them that is discussed in the sentence inwhich the reference is relied upon.

Drug delivery formulations of low solubility compounds or active agents(referred to in this disclosure interchangeably) require significantinvestment in research and development in order to ensure that theactive agent not only is stable in the formulation but is active andreleased at an efficacious rate over the desired treatment period.Depending on the treatment objective of a disease and/or disorder,therefore, development of formulations that meet the desired treatmentobjectives is desirable. Delivery of active agents for treating orameliorating diseases and/or disorders of the posterior segment of theeye is particularly challenging because topical delivery of the active,e.g. by eye drop, rarely, if ever, results in optimal amount of activeagent delivered to the target site. Moreover, the concentration requiredto deliver an efficacious amount of an active to a posterior eye segmenttarget site often require high concentration of the active, whichcontributes to, at least, some systemic side-effects due to off-targeteffects. Delivery of drug formulations via injections avoids theproblems with eye drops. But repeated intravitreal injections presentboth a risk and a burden to patients. Endophthalmitis, retinaldetachments, traumatic cataract, and increased intraocular pressure(IOP) are all potential vision-threatening sequela to the intravitrealroute of administration. Moreover, monthly treatment or even monthlymonitoring is a substantial burden to patients, their caregivers, and tothe medical community, especially when considering that treatment mayneed to persist for a patient's lifetime. While roughly one-third ofpatients experience improved vision when treated with repeatedintravitreal injections of certain biologic VEGF inhibitors, themajority of patients experience only stabilization of reduced vision.

Drug delivery formulations that are developed for delivery through anintravitreal delivery device, as described in WO2010/088548, requirethat the active agent not only remains in solution (i.e., does notprecipitate and/or agglomerate) before and during release from thedevice, but also that the active agent remains stable during the sameperiod. And in order to ensure that the active is delivered to thetarget site at the posterior segment of the eye for an extended periodof time for meeting a desired treatment goal, the active must bedelivered over many days, weeks, and months. Achieving this goal is atall order, as evident from lack of treatment options for diseasesand/or disorders of the posterior eye segment despite many years ofresearch and development, and significant financial investment bynumerous entities.

The present disclosure provides formulations for delivering active agentto the posterior segment of the eye. The active agent formulations ofthe present disclosure are stable formulations for drug delivery over anextended period of time. The present disclosure also provides methods ofpreparing (and/or manufacturing) drug delivery formulations fordelivering active agents that are insoluble or have low solubility inaqueous solutions. The formulations prepared (and/or manufactured) bythe methods of the present disclosure are delivered from an intravitrealdelivery device of the present disclosure.

Therapeutic agent delivery from a diffusion controlled device requires asource of therapeutic agent with a dissolved therapeutic agentconcentration higher in energy than the therapeutic agent concentrationin the target tissue. Delivery of some therapeutic agents is limited bythe dissolved therapeutic agent concentration and thermodynamic energyachievable in the source formulation loaded into the device.

It is desirable to deliver therapeutic levels of therapeutic agent forperiods of, for example, three months. This is particularly challengingfor therapeutic agents with aqueous solubility not much greater thanlevels needed to be therapeutic in the tissue. For example, targetconcentrations in the vitreous of about 0.1-10 μg/mL is not achievablefrom a diffusion controlled therapeutic device implant if thetherapeutic agent solubility in aqueous solution is no more than 1-10μg/mL as is the case for many therapeutic agents, including tyrosinekinase inhibitors.

Furthermore, some formulation approaches increase the amount oftherapeutic agent in a formulation that is not in solid form but theformulated entities in solution are large in size and have diffusionrates that are slower than individually dissolved therapeutic agentmolecules. For example, several therapeutic agent molecules mayassociate or self-assemble into a structure such as a micelle, with asize that is an order of magnitude larger than a single therapeuticagent molecule and a diffusion rate that is an order of magnitudeslower. Furthermore, the size of the diffusing species increases withtime in a reproducible or irreproducible manner, resulting in deliveryrate profiles from a diffusion controlled device that drop with time andfail to meet sustained delivery target profiles for extended amounts oftime.

The present disclosure provides stable pharmaceutical formulations of apharmaceutically acceptable salt of a therapeutic agent having lowaqueous solubility, and one or more formulation agents. Thepharmaceutically acceptable salt is a monovalent or a divalent salt, andthe one or more formulation agents include at least a complexing agent,a solubilizing agent, and a buffering agent. The salts of thetherapeutic agent are dissolved in the pharmaceutical formulations ofthe present disclosure. The formulations provided in the presentdisclosure are pazopanib formulations. The formulation is apharmaceutically acceptable monovalent or a divalent salt, e.g., ahalide salt. The present disclosure provides stable pharmaceuticalformulations of pazopanib mono- and/or di-chloride salt.

The present disclosure provides that the number of salt molecules (e.g.,1HCl or 2HCl) and the polymorphic Form influences the solubility and/orstability of the therapeutic agent in formulation. Depending on whether1HCl or 2HCl is present and/or polymorphic Forms of the salts, achievinga stable and/or soluble formulation of the pharmaceutically acceptablesalt of the therapeutic agent requires different methods of preparingthe formulations. Moreover, the present disclosure provides methods foraltering one polymorphic form of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt ofthe therapeutic agent to another polymorphic form. The methods providean altered polymorphic form with higher solubility of thepharmaceutically acceptable salt of the therapeutic agent in theformulation. The methods provide dissolving active agent in formulationsas an partial and/or complete amorphous form. Accordingly, the presentdisclosure provides stable and/or highly soluble formulations ofpolymorphic Forms of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a therapeuticagent characterized as having low aqueous solubility or is insoluble inan aqueous solution.

Solubility of the therapeutic agents in water or an aqueous solvent mayvary from being sparingly soluble (parts of solvent required for 1 partof solute being 30 to 100), slightly soluble (parts of solvent requiredfor 1 part of solute being 100 to 1000), very slightly soluble (parts ofsolvent required for 1 part of solute being 1000 to 10,000), andpractically insoluble or insoluble (≧10,000). Therapeutic agents of thepresent invention may be a poor or low water soluble compound. Asreferred to herein, a poor or low water soluble compound may have asolubility of, for example, less than 1 mg/mL or less than 0.01 mg/mL.

Formulation

The formulations of the current disclosure are formulated to achievehigh concentration (about 1 mg/mL-about 300 mg/mL) of a therapeuticagent, which is characterized as being not soluble in water or is poorlysoluble in water.

Complexing agents, such as cyclodextrins, which do not cross biologicalmembranes easily and do not affect the PK properties of the therapeuticagents, are used to increase the aqueous concentration of the agent inthe reservoir of the therapeutic device of the current disclosure.Complexing agents, e.g., cyclodextrin formulations, of the presentdisclosure, increase the concentration of dissolved therapeutic agent upto 800,000 fold, as high as about 10 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL fortherapeutic agents with aqueous solubility of 10 mg/mL or less, e.g.,therapeutic agents with aqueous solubility of about 0.1 μg/mL or less.

The present disclosure provides formulations of a therapeutic agent,e.g., pazopanib mono- or di-hydrochloride, where the concentration inthe device and/or at the target upon delivery is between about 10 mg/mLto up to about 70 mg/mL (e.g., about 10 mg/mL, about 11 mg/mL, about 12mg/mL, about 13 mg/mL, about 14 mg/mL, about 15 mg/mL, about 16 mg/mL,about 17 mg/mL, about 18 mg/mL, about 19 mg/mL, about 20 mg/mL, about 21mg/mL, about 22 mg/mL, about 23 mg/mL, about 24 mg/mL, about 25 mg/mL,about 26 mg/mL, about 27 mg/mL, about 28 mg/mL, about 29 mg/mL, about 30mg/mL, about 31 mg/mL, about 32 mg/mL, about 33 mg/mL, about 34 mg/mL,about 35 mg/mL, about 36 mg/mL, about 37 mg/mL, about 38 mg/mL, about 39mg/mL, about 40 mg/mL, about 41 mg/mL, about 42 mg/mL, about 43 mg/mL,about 44 mg/mL, about 45 mg/mL, about 46 mg/mL, about 47 mg/mL, about 48mg/mL, about 49 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 51 mg/mL, about 52 mg/mL,about 53 mg/mL, about 54 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 56 mg/mL, about 57mg/mL, about 58 mg/mL, about 59 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 61 mg/mL,about 62 mg/mL, about 63 mg/mL, about 64 mg/mL, about 65 mg/mL, about 66mg/mL, about 67 mg/mL, about 68 mg/mL, about 69 mg/mL, or about 70mg/mL). The present disclosure provides about 30 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mLof pazopanib in the formulation.

The measured concentration is between about 10 mg/mL to up to about 70mg/mL (e.g., about 10 mg/mL, about 11 mg/mL, about 12 mg/mL, about 13mg/mL, about 14 mg/mL, about 15 mg/mL, about 16 mg/mL, about 17 mg/mL,about 18 mg/mL, about 19 mg/mL, about 20 mg/mL, about 21 mg/mL, about 22mg/mL, about 23 mg/mL, about 24 mg/mL, about 25 mg/mL, about 26 mg/mL,about 27 mg/mL, about 28 mg/mL, about 29 mg/mL, about 30 mg/mL, about 31mg/mL, about 32 mg/mL, about 33 mg/mL, about 34 mg/mL, about 35 mg/mL,about 36 mg/mL, about 37 mg/mL, about 38 mg/mL, about 39 mg/mL, about 40mg/mL, about 41 mg/mL, about 42 mg/mL, about 43 mg/mL, about 44 mg/mL,about 45 mg/mL, about 46 mg/mL, about 47 mg/mL, about 48 mg/mL, about 49mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 51 mg/mL, about 52 mg/mL, about 53 mg/mL,about 54 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 56 mg/mL, about 57 mg/mL, about 58mg/mL, about 59 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 61 mg/mL, about 62 mg/mL,about 63 mg/mL, about 64 mg/mL, about 65 mg/mL, about 66 mg/mL, about 67mg/mL, about 68 mg/mL, about 69 mg/mL, or about 70 mg/mL).

The present disclosure provides fill concentration of the therapeuticagent, e.g., pazopanib 1HCL or 2HCL, in the delivery device is betweenabout 10 mg/mL to up to about 70 mg/mL (e.g., about 10 mg/mL, about 11mg/mL, about 12 mg/mL, about 13 mg/mL, about 14 mg/mL, about 15 mg/mL,about 16 mg/mL, about 17 mg/mL, about 18 mg/mL, about 19 mg/mL, about 20mg/mL, about 21 mg/mL, about 22 mg/mL, about 23 mg/mL, about 24 mg/mL,about 25 mg/mL, about 26 mg/mL, about 27 mg/mL, about 28 mg/mL, about 29mg/mL, about 30 mg/mL, about 31 mg/mL, about 32 mg/mL, about 33 mg/mL,about 34 mg/mL, about 35 mg/mL, about 36 mg/mL, about 37 mg/mL, about 38mg/mL, about 39 mg/mL, about 40 mg/mL, about 41 mg/mL, about 42 mg/mL,about 43 mg/mL, about 44 mg/mL, about 45 mg/mL, about 46 mg/mL, about 47mg/mL, about 48 mg/mL, about 49 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 51 mg/mL,about 52 mg/mL, about 53 mg/mL, about 54 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 56mg/mL, about 57 mg/mL, about 58 mg/mL, about 59 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL,about 61 mg/mL, about 62 mg/mL, about 63 mg/mL, about 64 mg/mL, about 65mg/mL, about 66 mg/mL, about 67 mg/mL, about 68 mg/mL, about 69 mg/mL,or about 70 mg/mL).

The present disclosure provides monovalent halide salt, e.g., chloridesalt, of pazopanib that is stable in the disclosed formulations, in adelivery device, at about 10 mg/ml, about 15 mg/ml, about 20 mg/ml,about 25 mg/ml, about 30 mg/ml, about 35 mg/ml, about 45 mg/ml, about 50mg/ml, about 55 mg/ml, about 60 mg/ml, about 65 mg/ml, about 70 mg/ml,about 75 mg/ml, or about 80 mg/ml. The present disclosure providesmonovalent halide salt, e.g., chloride salt, of pazopanib that is stablein the disclosed formulations, in a delivery device, at about 10 mg/mlup to about 15 mg/ml, about 15 mg/ml up to about 20 mg/ml, about 20mg/ml up to about 25 mg/ml, about 25 mg/ml up to about 30 mg/ml, about30 mg/ml up to about 35 mg/ml, about 35 mg/ml up to about 45 mg/ml,about 45 mg/ml up to about 50 mg/ml, about 50 mg up to about 55 mg/ml,about 55 mg/ml up to about 60 mg/ml, about 60 mg/ml up to about 65mg/ml, about 65 mg/ml up to about 70 mg/ml, about 70 mg/ml up to about75 mg/ml, or about 75 mg/ml up to about 80 mg/ml. The monovalent halidesalt, e.g., chloride salt, of pazopanib that is stable in the disclosedformulations at about 40 mg/ml to up to about 60 mg/ml.

The present disclosure provides divalent halide salt, e.g., chloridesalt, of pazopanib that is stable in the disclosed formulations, in adelivery device, at about 10 mg/ml, about 15 mg/ml, about 20 mg/ml,about 25 mg/ml, about 30 mg/ml, about 35 mg/ml, about 45 mg/ml, about 50mg/ml, about 55 mg/ml, about 60 mg/ml, about 65 mg/ml, about 70 mg/ml,about 75 mg/ml, or about 80 mg/ml. The present disclosure providedivalent halide salt, e.g., chloride salt, of pazopanib that is stablein the disclosed formulations, in a delivery device, at about 10 mg/mlto about 15 mg/ml, about 15 mg/ml to about 20 mg/ml, about 20 mg/ml toabout 25 mg/ml, about 25 mg/ml to about 30 mg/ml, about 30 mg/ml toabout 35 mg/ml, about 35 mg/ml to about 45 mg/ml, about 45 mg/ml toabout 50 mg/ml, about 50 mg to about 55 mg/ml, about 55 mg/ml to about60 mg/ml, about 60 mg/ml to about 65 mg/ml, about 65 mg/ml to about 70mg/ml, about 70 mg/ml to about 75 mg/ml, or about 75 mg/ml to about 80mg/ml. The divalent pazopanib halide salt, e.g., chloride salt, of thepresent disclosure is stable in the disclosed formulations at about 60mg/ml.

The complexing agent is sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (“SBEβCD”) orCAPTISOL®. The formulations intravitreal delivery of the currentdisclosure comprises therapeutic agent pazopanib mono- ordi-hydrochloride in a complex with CAPTISOL®. Association of therapeuticagent pazopanib mono- or di-hydrochloride with CAPTISOL® increasesaqueous solubility of the agent by a factor of 10 to 25,000. Interactionof therapeutic agent pazopanib mono- or di-hydrochloride with CAPTISOL®provides a beneficial and protected environment for the therapeuticagent in the lipophilic cavity of CAPTISOL®, while the hydrophobicsurface of CAPTISOL® provides effective water solubility, therebyboosting both solubility and stability of the therapeutic agent.Furthermore, interaction of the therapeutic agents with CAPTISOL®reduces decomposition of the agent by protecting labile regions from thepotential reactants in the aqueous environment.

The formulations of the current disclosure comprise pazopanib orpazopanib mono- or di-hydrochloride associated with a complexing agent,e.g., cyclodextrin (“CD”), is, without being limiting to the listherein, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, randomlymethylated-β-cyclodextrin, ethylated-β-cyclodextrin,triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin,carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin,2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin,glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, branched-β-cyclodextrin,hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-γ-cyclodextrin,trimethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, or any combination(s) thereof. The CD in theformulation is present at a ratio to a therapeutic agent of about 9:1,about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, orabout 2:1. The ratio of CD:therapeutic agent is about 2.5:1. TheCD:therapeutic agent ratio is about 2.2:1; about 2.5:1; about 3.7:1;about 5:1; about 8:1; or about 9:1.

The increase in the concentration of the therapeutic agent in the deviceis about 100× higher than the concentration required at the vitreous foreffective treatment, prevention of progression, or amelioration ofvascular leakage and neovascularization (NV) in the retina. Because therequired concentration at the vitreous for effective treatment,prevention of progression, or amelioration of vascular leakage andneovascularization (NV) is higher than the solubility limit of thetherapeutic agent, the embodiments of the current disclosure provideincreased therapeutic agent solubility of about or more than 1000× theinherent aqueous solubility of the agent.

The formulations of the present disclosure comprise CAPTISOL® as thecomplexing agent. The concentration of the therapeutic agent in thepresence of CAPTISOL® is in a drug delivery agent and/or, upon delivery,in the vitreous, between 0.5 mg/mL to about 90 mg/mL. For example, theconcentration of pazopanib mono- or di-hydrochloride in the presence ofCAPTISOL® is about 20 mg/mL, about 30 mg/mL, about 40 mg/mL, about 50mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 70 mg/mL, about 80 mg/mL, or about 90mg/mL.

Additional components of the formulation are: trehalose,methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium hyaluronate, sodium alginate,chitosan and its derivatives, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, propyleneglycol, Triacetin, N,N-Dimethylacetamide, pyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, N-(-beta-Hydroxyethyl)-lactamide,1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, triglycerides, monothioglycerol, sorbitol,lecithin, methylparaben, propylparaben, polysorbates, block copolymersof ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, di-block polymers or tri-blockcopolymers of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, ethoxylatedemulsifiers, polyethylene glycol esters, sucrose laurate,Tocopherol-PEG-succinate, phospholipids and their derivatives, or othernon-ionic self-emulsifying agents.

Solubilizing agents in the formulation of the current disclosureinclude, without being a limiting example, trehalose, methylcellulose,ethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sodium hyaluronate,sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, propylene glycol,Triacetin, N,N-Dimethylacetamide, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), pyrrolidone,or any combination(s) thereof. The solubilizing agent used in thepreparation of formulations of the present disclosure is poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). For example, the formulations of the currentdisclosure comprise between about 0.2% to about 1% PVP. The presentdisclosure provides, formulations with between about 5 mg/mL PVP toabout 30 mg/mL PVP.

The solubilizing agent added to the formulations of the presentdisclosure comprises between about 0.1% to about 5.0% (e.g., about 0.1%,about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%,about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%,about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%,about 2.0%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%,about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3.0%, about 3.1%,about 3.2%, about 3.3%, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%,about 3.8%, about 3.9%, about 4.0%, about 4.1%, about 4.2%, about 4.3%,about 4.4%, about 4.5%, about 4.6%, about 4.7%, about 4.8%, about 4.9%,about 5.0%) PVP. The formulations of the present disclosure comprise,e.g., about 1% PVP.

The formulations of the present disclosure include a buffering agent,e.g., Histidine HCl. The formulations include about 5 mg/mL to about 30mg/mL buffering agent, e.g., Histidine HCl, (e.g., about 5 mg/mL, about6 mg/mL, about 7 mg/mL, about 8 mg/mL, about 9 mg/mL, about 10 mg/mL,about 11 mg/mL, about 12 mg/mL, about 13 mg/mL, about 14 mg/mL, about 15mg/mL, about 16 mg/mL, about 17 mg/mL, about 18 mg/mL, about 19 mg/mL,about 20 mg/mL, about 21 mg/mL, about 22 mg/mL, about 23 mg/mL, about 24mg/mL, about 25 mg/mL, about 26 mg/mL, about 27 mg/mL, about 28 mg/mL,about 29 mg/mL, or about 30 mg/mL).

The pH of the formulations is between about 1.0-about 7.0 (e.g., pH ofabout 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about1.6, about 1.7, about 1.9, about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3,about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, about3.0, about 3.1, about 3.2, about 3.3, about 3.4, about 3.5, about 3.6,about 3.7, about 3.8, about 3.9, about 4.0, about 4.1, about 4.2, about4.3, about 4.4, about 4.5, about 4.6, about 4.7, about 4.8, about 4.9,about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5, about5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2,about 6.3, about 6.4, about 6.5, about 6.6, about 6.7, about 6.8, about6.9, or about 7.0).

Additional additives for including in the formulations of the presentdisclosure are, without being a limiting example, triacetine (about 1×molar ration to the therapeutic agent), L-Lysine (about 25 mg/mL),ammonium acetate about 0.1%-about 5% (w/v) (e.g., about 2% (w/v)), orglycerol about 0.1%-about 5% (w/v) (e.g., about 2% (w/v)).

The formulation of the current disclosure includes one or two agents forpH adjustment for increasing buffering capacity of the formulation inthe therapeutic device. One or two pH adjustment agents is/are selectedfrom, without being a limiting example, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloricacid, citric acid, malic acid, acetate, tartaric acid, histidine,phosphate, or any combination(s) thereof. In one embodiment, theformulation comprises agents for pH adjustment, but no complexingagents. The one or two pH adjusting agents are citric acid and/orhistidine.

The formulation of the current disclosure includes a tonicity adjustingagent. For example, the tonicity adjusting agent is, without being alimiting example, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, or anycombination(s) thereof.

The formulations of the current disclosure have high stability duringthe use time of the PDS implant. For example, formulations are stable inthe PDS reservoir chamber at 37° C. at physiological conditions for atleast 6 months. For example, the formulations are stable in the PDS inthe presence of vitreous components diffusing from the vitreous.

The formulations of the present disclosure are used in a method ofocular drug delivery. The formulations of the present disclosure areintravitreal delivery formulation. The formulations of the presentdisclosure are not formulated as eye drops. The formulations of thepresent disclosure are not formulated for topical delivery. Theformulations of the present disclosure are not formulated for oraldelivery or parenteral delivery. The formulations of the presentdisclosure are not formulated for periocular delivery.

Methods of Preparation

The present disclosure provides methods of preparing and/ormanufacturing a stable and in solution pharmaceutical formulation ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts of pazopanib.

The present disclosure provides drug formulation processes that dependon the sample of the active agent and, therefore, the characteristics ofthe active in a given sample. This disclosure provides formulationprocesses depending on the salt forms and the crystallinity of theactive agent. Tables 1, 2, and 3 provide summaries of thecharacteristics of the active pazopanib of the present disclosure.

TABLE 1 pH Comparison of pazopanib/CAPTISOL ® solutions with similarcomposition: CAPTISOL ® amount, mg Pharmaceutical Water, (1.5x molarPazopanib pH, ingredient in Sample mL ratio to drug) salt, mg measuredN/A-CAPTISOL ® only 1 157.35 0 6.60 Pazopanib-Sample 1 1 157.79 22.401.68 Pazopanib-Sample 2- 1 157.53 22.65 3.34 lyophilized-TFE (1HCl)*Pazopanib-Sample 2 1 157.28 22.41 3.36 (1HCl)* *Based on its XRDpattern, Sample-2 has crystal structure as Form-A, which contains oneHCl per drug molecule.

Chloride content comparison: Table 2 provides chloride content ofvarious API samples, as measured by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). See EvansAnalytical Laboratories, X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (XRF) ANALYSIS REPORT, 21Feb. 2014, JOB NUMBER C0ELG412.

TABLE 2 Pazopanib- Drug Source2-- Pazopanib- Pazopanib- samplelyophilized-TFE Sample-2 Sample = 1 Element HEL-1 HE-14 MA C 41.9 41.737.8 N 27.7 29.5 26.4 O 11.2 11.3 10 F 3.6 — 1.2 Al — — 0.004 Si — —0.026 S 7.34 8.29 7.72 Cl 8.22 9.2 16.7 Ca — — 0.01 Fe^(b) 0.012 0.0090.051 Ni^(b) 0.01 0.006 — Zn — — 0.008 Br — — 0.005 Sample Compositions(in wt %)-normalized to 100% of the measured and detected elements

From the results of the pH and the chloride content analysis it isconcluded that the pharmaceutical ingredient from sample-1 contains2-HCl per each pazopanib molecule, compared to active from sample-2,which contains only 1 HCl/per drug molecule.

Divalent Salt

The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a formulation ofa divalent salt of pazopanib. The method includes the steps of (a)dissolving a divalent salt of pazopanib in a solution of one or moreformulation agents. The formulation agents used in the method include,but without being limited to, a complexing agent, a solubilizing agent,and a buffering agent. The pH of the solution after dissolving thedivalent salt in the solution of formulation agents is adjusted to anoptimal pH for maintaining stability of the divalent salt in theformulation before and/or after release, solubility of the divalent saltin the formulation before and/or after release, release rate of thedivalent salt in the formulation from a delivery device, and/ortherapeutic efficacy of pazopanib upon release into the posteriorsegment of the eye. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a divalenthalide salt of pazopanib, e.g., a divalent chloride salt of pazopanib, adivalent bromide salt of pazopanib, a divalent iodide salt of pazopanib,or a divalent fluoride salt of pazopanib. The present disclosureprovides a method of preparing divalent chloride salt of pazopanib.

The divalent chloride salt in the formulation of pazopanib prepared bythe method of the present disclosure is polymorphic Form XIV having aXRPD diffraction peaks 7.8, 12.4, 22.9, 23.6 and 26.9±0.2 degrees at 2θ(further characterized by peaks at 14.8, 17.5, 19.0, 25.3 and 27.4±0.2degrees at 2θ); or Form I having a XRPD diffraction peaks 6.7, 7.4,12.0, 14.8, 23.6±0.2 degrees at 2θ (further characterized by peaks at13.3, 14.8, 19.0, 26.6±0.2 degrees at 2θ); or Form XV having XRPDdiffraction peaks 6.9, 12.1, 23.6, 26.8 and 27.4±0.2 degrees at 2θ(further characterized by peaks at 15.7, 19.4, 23.3, and 25.7±0.2degrees at 2θ). The present disclosure provides a method of preparing aformulation of polymorphic Form XIV of pazopanib dihydrochloride havinga XRPD diffraction peaks 7.8, 12.4, 22.9, 23.6 and 26.9±0.2 degrees at2θ (further characterized by peaks at 14.8, 17.5, 19.0, 25.3 and27.4±0.2 degrees at 2θ).

The complexing agent used in the method of preparing a divalent saltformulation of pazopanib is a Cyclodextrin, e.g.,2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, randomlymethylated-β-cyclodextrin, ethylated-β-cyclodextrin,triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin,carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin,2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin, glucosylcyclodextrin, maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin,branched-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomlymethylated-γ-cyclodextrin, trimethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, or anycombination(s) thereof.

The solubilizing agent used in the method for preparing a formulation ofa divalent salt of pazopanib of the present disclosure is poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). The buffering agent used in the method for preparinga formulation of a divalent salt of pazopanib of the present disclosureis Histidine HCl.

The method of the present disclosure provides formulation of 2 HCl pereach pazopanib molecule to formulate up to about 60 mg/ml drugconcentrations. The drug is dissolved in CAPTISOL® solution, formulationagents are then added before pH is adjusted.

Formulations are prepared by dissolving the required amount ofpazaopanib 2HCl salt in cyclodextrin, acid, and formulation agents inwater. Pazaopanib 2HCl is added and mixed until dissolution. Then sodiumhydroxide is added to reach the final pH. Formulation is filtered andthen injected into PDS implants to perform therapeutic agent releasetesting.

The present disclosure provides formulations of a therapeutic agent,e.g., pazopanib di-hydrochloride (2HCl) and making of preparing thereof,where the active agent is stable in formulation for an extended period(i.e., more than 60 days and/or more than 90 days). Formulations withthe stable active agent, e.g., pazopanib 2HCl, have up to about 70 mg/mLactive agent. The present disclosure provides formulation of pazopanib2HCl having up to about 10 mg/mL, up to about 11 mg/mL, up to about 12mg/mL, up to about 13 mg/mL, up to about 14 mg/mL, up to about 15 mg/mL,up to about 16 mg/mL, up to about 17 mg/mL, up to about 18 mg/mL, up toabout 19 mg/mL, up to about 20 mg/mL, up to about 21 mg/mL, up to about22 mg/mL, up to about 23 mg/mL, up to about 24 mg/mL, up to about 25mg/mL, up to about 26 mg/mL, up to about 27 mg/mL, up to about 28 mg/mL,up to about 29 mg/mL, up to about 30 mg/mL, up to about 31 mg/mL, up toabout 32 mg/mL, up to about 33 mg/mL, up to about 34 mg/mL, up to about35 mg/mL, up to about 36 mg/mL, up to about 37 mg/mL, up to about 38mg/mL, up to about 39 mg/mL, up to about 40 mg/mL, up to about 41 mg/mL,up to about 42 mg/mL, up to about 43 mg/mL, up to about 44 mg/mL, up toabout 45 mg/mL, up to about 46 mg/mL, up to about 47 mg/mL, up to about48 mg/mL, up to about 49 mg/mL, up to about 50 mg/mL, up to about 51mg/mL, up to about 52 mg/mL, up to about 53 mg/mL, up to about 54 mg/mL,up to about 55 mg/mL, up to about 56 mg/mL, up to about 57 mg/mL, up toabout 58 mg/mL, up to about 59 mg/mL, up to about 60 mg/mL, up to about61 mg/mL, up to about 62 mg/mL, up to about 63 mg/mL, up to about 64mg/mL, up to about 65 mg/mL, up to about 66 mg/mL, up to about 67 mg/mL,up to about 68 mg/mL, up to about 69 mg/mL, or up to about 70 mg/mL ofthe stable active.

Monovalent Salt

The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a stable and/orsoluble formulation of a monovalent salt of a therapeutic agent. Themonovalent salt is highly insoluble in aqueous solutions and is prone toprecipitation during storage, and/or before and/or after delivery of theformulation into a target site. The present disclosure provides methodsof increasing ease of solubilizing the monovalent salt and/or increasingthe stability of the monovalent in solution. The methods provideincreased solubility and/or stability of the monovalent salt informulation such that the salt remains dissolved during storage, and/orbefore and/or after delivery into a target site for an extended periodof time.

To dissolve the drug, e.g., monohydrochloride of pazopanib, in onemethod of the present disclosure, long solubilization time and extraacid addition is necessary; the pH of the formulation is adjusted withhydrochloric acid (HCl) to equal or to below about pH=2. After a longsolubilization process of the drug and the excipients (1-3 days) inCAPTISOL® solutions with pH below about 2, the pH is adjusted.

NaOH pretreatment of the drug (amorphization) is also successfullyemployed prior to the solubilization step at low pH. While theamorphization step reduces the time required to prepare highconcentration solutions, however, this step also significantly increasesthe total salt content of the formulation.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stablepharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalentsalt of a therapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility. The method ofpreparing a stable pharmaceutical formulation of a monovalent salt of atherapeutic agent includes the steps of: (a) treating the monovalentsalt with a base (amortization); (b) dissolving the base treated salt ina solution of one or more formulation agents; and (c) adjusting the pHwith an acid to a pH equal to or below about 4, equal to or below about3, equal to or below about 2, or equal to or below about 1. Theformulation agents used in the method include, but not limited to, acomplexing agent, a solubilizing agent, and a buffering agent. The basetreatment of the monovalent salt increases the total salt content in theformulation. Adjusting the pH with acid increases solubility of the saltin the formulation.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stablepharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalentsalt of pazopanib. The method of preparing a stable pharmaceuticalformulation of a monovalent salt of pazopanib, e.g., a monovalentchloride salt of pazopanib, a monovalent bromide salt of pazopanib, amonovalent iodide salt of pazopanib, or a monovalent fluoride salt ofpazopanib, includes the steps of: (a) treating the monovalent salt witha base; (b) dissolving the base treated salt in a solution of one ormore formulation agents; and (c) adjusting the pH with an acid to a pHequal to or below about 4, equal to or below about 3, equal to or belowabout 2, or equal to or below about 1. The formulation agents used inthe method include, but not limited to, a complexing agent, asolubilizing agent, and a buffering agent. The base treatment of themonovalent salt increases the total salt content in the formulation.Adjusting the pH with acid increases solubility of the salt in theformulation. The base is, e.g., sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The acid is,e.g., hydrochloric acid (HCl).

The complexing agent used in the method of preparing a monovalent saltformulation of pazopanib is a cyclodextrin, e.g.,2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, randomlymethylated-β-cyclodextrin, ethylated-β-cyclodextrin,triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin,carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin,2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin, glucosylcyclodextrin, maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin,branched-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomlymethylated-γ-cyclodextrin, trimethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, or anycombination(s) thereof.

The solubilizing agent used in the method for preparing a formulation ofa monovalent salt of pazopanib of the present disclosure is poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). The buffering agent used in the method for preparinga formulation of a monovalent salt of pazopanib of the presentdisclosure is Histidine HCl.

The solubilizing agent used in the method for preparing a formulation ofa monovalent salt of pazopanib of the present disclosure is poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), and without any buffering agent.

The present disclosure provides considerably improved stability of the1HCl pazopanib formulations by lowering the drug concentration to below40 mg/mL.

The active is prone to precipitation at high concentration. The presentdisclosure provides methods of preparing stable, solution formulation ofa low solubility active, e.g., pazopanib.

The present disclosure provides formulations of a therapeutic agent,e.g., pazopanib monohydrochloride (1HCl) and methods of preparingthereof, where the active agent is stable in formulation for an extendedperiod (i.e., more than 60 days and/or more than 90 days) at lower thanor higher than about 40 mg/mL. Formulations, with the stable activeagent, e.g., pazopanib 1HCl, are stable up to about 60 mg/mL. Thepresent disclosure provides formulation of pazopanib 1HCl having up toabout 10 mg/mL, up to about 11 mg/mL, up to about 12 mg/mL, up to about13 mg/mL, up to about 14 mg/mL, up to about 15 mg/mL, up to about 16mg/mL, up to about 17 mg/mL, up to about 18 mg/mL, up to about 19 mg/mL,up to about 20 mg/mL, up to about 21 mg/mL, up to about 22 mg/mL, up toabout 23 mg/mL, up to about 24 mg/mL, up to about 25 mg/mL, up to about26 mg/mL, up to about 27 mg/mL, up to about 28 mg/mL, up to about 29mg/mL, up to about 30 mg/mL, up to about 31 mg/mL, up to about 32 mg/mL,up to about 33 mg/mL, up to about 34 mg/mL, up to about 35 mg/mL, up toabout 36 mg/mL, up to about 37 mg/mL, up to about 38 mg/mL, up to about39 mg/mL, up to about 40 mg/mL, up to about 41 mg/mL, up to about 42mg/mL, up to about 43 mg/mL, up to about 44 mg/mL, up to about 45 mg/mL,up to about 46 mg/mL, up to about 47 mg/mL, up to about 48 mg/mL, up toabout 49 mg/mL, up to about 50 mg/mL, up to about 51 mg/mL, up to about52 mg/mL, up to about 53 mg/mL, up to about 54 mg/mL, up to about 55mg/mL, up to about 56 mg/mL, up to about 57 mg/mL, up to about 58 mg/mL,up to about 59 mg/mL, or up to about 60 mg/mL of the stable active.

The present disclosure provides methods for improving stability of 1HClpazopanib formulation by performing lyophilization the active agentbefore solubilization. The present disclosure provides formulationprocesses (methods of preparing formulations) for improving solubilityand stability of 1HCl pazopanib in formulations by performinglyophilization the active agent before solubilization in the formulationagents.

The present disclosure provides testing the effects of lyophilizationfrom two different solvents (trifluoro ethanol (TFE) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)) on the crystal structure and/or the amorphous contentof active agent from sample-2.

The pazopanib salts of the present disclosure are in crystalline and/oramorphous forms. A summary of XRPD results for various pazopanib saltsused in formulations of the present disclosure is provided in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Phases Identified API by XRPD % Crystallinity Pazopanibmonovalent Form A about 100.0 salt (1HCl) Pazopanib divalent salt FormXIV about 100.0 (2HCl) Pazopanib monovalent Form G about 70.7 salt(1HCl), Lyophilized from DMSO; Pazopanib monovalent Amorphous about 3.9salt (1HCl), Lyophilized from TFE;

Lyophilization is performed, by standard methods in the art, fromtrifluoro ethanol (TFE), trifluoro ethanol-water (90-10) mixture or fromdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

The lyophilization conditions from DMSO of the present disclosureinclude conditions described in Table 4 below:

TABLE 4 Thermal Treatment Step # Operation Temperature (° C.) Duration(min) 3 Hold about 2-about 7 20-40 4 Ramp about −30 to about −50 100-1305 Hold about −30 to about −50 40-80 Primary Drying Chill Condenser andSet Vacuum Control for the following steps 6 Ramp about −5.0 to about 80-150 +5.0 7 Hold about −5.0 to about  700-1100 +5.0 8 Ramp about 30to about 50 300-400 9 Hold about 30 to about 50 400-800 Secondary DryingSet Vacuum Control for the Following Steps 10 Ramp about 30 to about 70 80-120 11 Hold about 30 to about 70 1200-1900

The present disclosure provides methods of preparing a stablepharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalentsalt of a therapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility.

The present disclosure provides a crystalline form of a therapeuticagent pretreated prior to formulation process. The present disclosureprovides lyophilizing a therapeutic agent, e.g., pazopanib 1HCl, from analcohol, thereby converting a crystalline phase Form A of pazopanib 1HClto an amorphous (or microcrystalline) material form of pazopanib 1HCl,as determined by XPRD. The lyophilizing from an alcohol, e.g.,trifluoroethanol (TFE), converts a crystalline phase Form A of pazopanib1HCl to an amorphous (or microcrystalline) material form of pazopanib1HCl, as determined by XPRD. The Form A of pazopanib 1HCl is dissolvedin an alcohol, e.g., TFE, or in TFE/water mixtures and then the solutionis lyophilized. The lyophilized salt is dissolved in the solution at atemperature between about 37° C. to about 50° C. The present disclosureprovides a method of converting a crystal form of pazopanib to anamorphous (or microcrystalline) form of pazopanib, the method comprisingdissolving the crystal form in trifluoro ethanol (TFE) and lyophilizingthe resulting solution; wherein up to or at least 96% amorphouspazopanib is formed.

The crystalline form of the therapeutic agent, e.g., pazopanibmonohydrochloride, is pretreated by lyophilization. For example, about60 mg/mL of a therapeutic agent, e.g., pazopanib monohydrochloride,solution in TFE is prepared. About 1% to about 30% water (e.g., about20%) water is also added to the solution of the therapeutic agent, e.g.,pazopanib monohydrochloride, solution in TFE. The solution is thenfreeze dried (with or without the added water) under standard conditionin the art. The solution is dried under about 35° C.-about 50° C. (e.g.,about 40° C.) for about 12 hours to about 24 hours or at about 50°C.-about 65° C. (e.g., at about 60° C.) for about 4-about 8 hours. Thelyophilization from TFE converts crystalline phase Form A to partiallyor completely (e.g., up to or at least 96%) amorphous phase. Theamorphous (or microcrystalline) pazopanib monohydrochloride, i.e., thelyophilized in TFE, is then dissolved in the solution prepared by mixingat least a solubilizing agent, a buffering agent, and a complexingagent, as described in the present disclosure.

The methods of converting a crystal form (e.g., Form A) of pazopanib toa material containing amorphous form provide up to about 80%, up toabout 81%, up to about 82%, up to about 83%, up to about 84%, up toabout 85%, up to about 86%, up to about 87%, up to about 88%, up toabout 89%, up to about 90%, up to about 91%, up to about 92%, up toabout 93%, up to about 94%, up to about 95%, or up to about 96%amorphous pazopanib 1HCl. Alternatively, the methods provide that atleast about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, atleast about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, atleast about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% amorphous pazopanib 1HClis formed. The remaining active agent is in crystalline form, either inthe original Form, or in a mixture of the original or another Form(e.g., Form A and/or Form G).

The present disclosure provides lyophilizing a therapeutic agent, e.g.,pazopanib 1HCl, from a polar aprotic solvent for converting onecrystalline phase Form, e.g., crystalline phase Form A of pazopanib1HCl, to a material containing up to or at least about 70% differentcrystalline phase form, e.g., Form G of pazopanib 1HCl, as determined byXRPD. The lyophilized salt is dissolved in the solution at a temperaturebetween about 37° C. to about 50° C. The lyophilizing from anorganosulfur compound converts crystalline phase Form A of pazopanib1HCl to a material containing at least about 70% Form G of pazopanib1HCl, as determined by XRPD. The lyophilizing from dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) converts crystalline phase Form A of pazopanib 1HCl to a materialcontaining up to or at least about 70% Form G of pazopanib 1HCl, asdetermined by XRPD. The lyophilizing from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)converts crystalline phase Form A of pazopanib 1HCl to a materialcontaining about 100% Form G of pazopanib 1 HCl, as determined by XRPD.The lyophilized salt is dissolved in the solution at a temperaturebetween about 37° C. to about 50° C. The present disclosure provides amethod of converting a crystal form of pazopanib to a materialcontaining crystal Form G of pazopanib, the method comprising dissolvingthe crystal form in DMSO and lyophilizing the resulting solution;wherein at least about 70% Form G of pazopanib is formed.

The present disclosure provides a method of converting crystal Form A ofpazopanib to a material containing crystal Form G of pazopanib, themethod comprising dissolving Form A in DMSO and lyophilizing theresulting solution; wherein the up to or at least about 70% Form G ofpazopanib is formed. The present disclosure provides a method ofconverting crystal Form A of pazopanib to a material containing crystalForm G of pazopanib, the method comprising dissolving the crystal Form Ain DMSO and lyophilizing the resulting solution; in which between about70% to about 100% (e.g., about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%,about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%,about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%,about 100%) Form G of pazopanib is formed.

The methods of converting a crystal form (e.g., Form A) of pazopanib toa material containing crystal Form G provide up to about 50%, up toabout 51%, up to about 52%, up to about 53%, up to about 54%, up toabout 55%, up to about 56%, up to about 57%, up to about 58%, up toabout 59%, up to about 60%, up to about 61%, up to about 62%, up toabout 63%, up to about 64%, up to about 65%, up to about 66%, up toabout 67%, up to about 68%, up to about 69%, or up to about 70% Form Gis of pazopanib is formed. Alternatively, the methods provide that atleast about 70%, at least about 71%, at least about 72%, at least about73%, at least about 74%, at least about 75%, at least about 76%, atleast about 77%, at least about 78%, at least about 79%, at least about80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, atleast about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, atleast about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, atleast about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 100% Form G ofpazopanib is formed.

The present disclosure provides a crystalline form of a therapeuticagent, e.g., pazopanib monohydrochloride, pretreated prior toformulation process. The crystalline form of the therapeutic agent,e.g., pazopanib monohydrochloride, is pretreated by lyophilization (seeTable 4 for an example of the lyophilization conditions from DMSO).About 20-60 mg/mL of a therapeutic agent, e.g., pazopanibmonohydrochloride, solution in DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) is prepared.The solution is then freeze dried under standard condition in the art.Drying conditions of the present disclosure are at temperature higherthan ambient temperature. For example, the solutions of the presentdisclosure are dried under about 35° C.-about 50° C. (e.g., about 40°C.) for about 12-about 24 hours and about 50° C.-about 65° C. (e.g., atabout 60° C.) for about 24-about 40 hours and at about 90-about 110° C.(e.g., at about 100° C.) for about 0.5-about 2 hours. The lyophilizationfrom DMSO converts crystalline phase Form A to crystalline phase Form G,as determined by XRPD.

The lyophilizing step from DMSO in the method of the present disclosureconverts a crystalline phase Form A of pazopanib, having XRPD peaks at5.6, 15.5, 16.4, 24.0 and 24.3±0.2 degrees at 2θ (further characterizedby peaks at 10.5, 16.8, 17.9, 26.4 and 32.9±0.2 degrees at 2θ), to FormG, characterized by XRPD peaks at 9.6, 16.8, 19.6, 24.7 and 26.2±0.2degrees at 2θ (further characterized by peaks at 11.8, 14.6, 15.3, 18.4,20.3 and 23.6±0.2 degrees at 2θ).

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stablepharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalentsalt of a therapeutic agent, including the steps of: (a) preparing asolution of the salt in an organic solvent (TFE or DMSO); and (b)lyophilizing the solution, thereby preparing a lyophilized salt of thetherapeutic agent. The method of preparing a stable pharmaceuticalformulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalent salt of atherapeutic agent further includes the steps of: (c) dissolving asolubilizing agent and a buffering agent in water, thereby preparing asolution; (d) dissolving a complexing agent in the aqueous solution ofthe solubilizing agent and the buffering agent, thereby preparing asolution; (e) adding the lyophlilized salt to the solution, mixing,dissolving in the solution at equal to or higher (about 37° C.-about 50°C.) than about ambient temperature; and (f) optionally adjusting the pHof the formulation. The lyophilized salt is dissolved in the solution ata temperature between about 37° C. to about 50° C. (e.g., at about 37°C., at about 38° C., at about 39° C., at about 40° C., at about 41° C.,at about 42° C., at about 43° C., at about 44° C., at about 45° C., atabout 46° C., at about 47° C., at about 48° C., at about 49° C., atabout 50° C.).

The solubilizing agent used in the method is PVP. The buffering agentused in the method is Histidine HCl. The complexing agent used in themethod is a cyclodextrin is: 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin,methyl-β-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin,ethylated-β-cyclodextrin, triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin,peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin,hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin,2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin,glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, branched-β-cyclodextrin,hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-γ-cyclodextrin,trimethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, or any combination(s) thereof.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stablepharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalentsalt of pazopanib, e.g., a monovalent chloride salt of pazopanib, amonovalent bromide salt of pazopanib, a monovalent iodide salt ofpazopanib, or a monovalent fluoride salt of pazopanib, including thesteps of: (a) preparing a solution of the salt in an organic solvent(TFE or DMSO); and (b) lyophilizing the solution, thereby preparing alyophilized salt of pazopanib. The method of preparing a stablepharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalentsalt of pazopanib provides that after lyophilization, the lyophilizedmonovalent halide salt of pazopanib, e.g., a monovalent chloride salt,e.g., hydrochloride salt, of pazopanib, a monovalent bromide salt ofpazopanib, a monovalent iodide salt of pazopanib, or a monovalentfluoride salt of pazopanib, is amorphous.

The method of preparing a stable and in solution pharmaceuticalformulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalent salt ofpazopanib further involves: (c) dissolving a solubilizing agent and abuffering agent in water, thereby preparing a solution; (d) dissolving acomplexing agent in the aqueous solution of the solubilizing agent andthe buffering agent, thereby preparing a solution; (e) adding thelyophlilized salt to the viscous solution, mixing, dissolving in thesolution at equal to or higher (e.g., about 37° C. or 50° C.) than aboutambient temperature; and (f) optionally adjusting the pH of theformulation. The lyophilized salt is dissolved in the solution at atemperature between about 37° C. to about 50° C. (e.g., at about 37° C.,at about 38° C., at about 39° C., at about 40° C., at about 41° C., atabout 42° C., at about 43° C., at about 44° C., at about 45° C., atabout 46° C., at about 47° C., at about 48° C., at about 49° C., atabout 50° C.).

The solubilizing agent used in the method of preparing a formulation ofmonovalent pazopanib is PVP. The buffering agent used in the same methodis Histidine HCl. The complexing agent used in the same method is acyclodextrin is: 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin,randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin, ethylated-β-cyclodextrin,triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin,carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin,2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin,glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, branched-β-cyclodextrin,hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-γ-cyclodextrin,trimethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, or any combination(s) thereof.

The method of preparing a stable and in solution pharmaceuticalformulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalent salt ofpazopanib provides a stable formulation of a monovalent halide salt ofpazopanib, e.g., a monovalent chloride salt of pazopanib, a monovalentbromide salt of pazopanib, a monovalent iodide salt of pazopanib, or amonovalent fluoride salt of pazopanib. The method of preparing a stablepharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable monovalentsalt of pazopanib provides a stable formulation of a monovalent chloridesalt of pazopanib.

The present disclosure provides a method in which native pH of theformulation is used, i.e. no pH adjustment of viscous solution isnecessary. In this method, solubilization of the pharmaceuticalingredient is performed in one step. PVP-10k (polyvinyl pyrrolidone,MW=10 kDa) and Histidine HCl are weighed and dissolved in theappropriate amount of water by mixing the solution (vortex, shaking).CAPTISOL® is weighed, added and dissolved in the solution with shaking,vortexing the solution. Lyophilized pazopanib is weighed and then addedto the viscous CAPTISOL® solution and dissolved completely by vortex,sonication, shaking at ambient or at elevated (about 37° C.-about 50°C.) temperatures. The formulation is filtered using a 0.2 μm filter andstored at room temperature and protected from light.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing a stable, solutionpharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of atherapeutic agent having low aqueous solubility, in which the salt is amonovalent salt, e.g., pazopanib 1 HCl; the method includes (a)preparing a solution of the salt in an organic solvent (e.g., trifluoroethanol, trifluoro ethanol-water mixture, or dimethyl sulfoxide); (b)lyophilizing the solution, thereby preparing a lyophilized salt of thetherapeutic agent; (c) dissolving a solubilizing agent and a bufferingagent in water, thereby preparing a solution; dissolving an amount of acomplexing agent in the solution, thereby preparing a low viscositysolution; adding a lyophilized salt to the low viscosity solution,mixing, dissolving in the solution at equal to or higher (about 37°C.-about 50° C.) than about ambient temperature; wherein pH of the lowviscosity solution is adjusted; and adding and dissolving about 2× morethe amount of the complexing agent to the low viscosity solution. Thelyophilized salt is dissolved in the solution at a temperature betweenabout 37° C. to about 50° C. (e.g., at about 37° C., at about 38° C., atabout 39° C., at about 40° C., at about 41° C., at about 42° C., atabout 43° C., at about 44° C., at about 45° C., at about 46° C., atabout 47° C., at about 48° C., at about 49° C., at about 50° C.).

The present disclosure provides methods of preparing formulations of atherapeutic agent in which CAPTISOL® is added in two steps in order toreduce the viscosity of the solution during the formulation preparationprocess. The method comprises, e.g., preparing an aqueous solution ofCAPTISOL®, using half of the total CAPTISOL® amount; dissolving thetherapeutic agent and additives (e.g., PVP, Histidine), adjust the pH ofthe formulation, and then adding the remaining amount of CAPTISOL®. Thetwo step process produces a lower viscosity solution which affords afaster dissolution and ease in pH measurement than with a high viscositysolution.

The formulation further comprises a buffering agent (e.g., an organicbuffer, e.g., Histidine or Histidine HCl) and a pH adjusting agent(e.g., an inorganic base, e.g., NaOH; an organic base, e.g., megalumine;or an organic buffer, e.g., Histidine or Histidine HCl). In someembodiment, the pH of the formulation of a therapeutic agent, e.g.,Pazopanib, is adjusted with an inorganic base, e.g., NaOH. In otherembodiments, the pH of the formulation of a therapeutic agent, e.g.,pazopanib, is adjusted with an organic base, e.g., meglumine. In someembodiments, the present disclosure provides a non-precipitatingformulation of a therapeutic agent, e.g., pazopanib, in which an organicbase, e.g., Meglumine is used. In some embodiments, additional additives(e.g., triacetin, glycerol) are added for increasing the stability(against precipitation) of the formulations.

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing stable and insolution formulation of a monovalent salt, e.g., monovalenthydrochloride salt, of a therapeutic agent, e.g., pazopanib, by firstweighing and dissolving approximately half of required CAPTISOL® in avial containing an appropriate amount of water. PVP-10k (polyvinylpyrrolidone, MW=10 kDa) and Histidine HCl are added and dissolved in thesolution by mixing the solution (vortex, sonication, shaking).Lyophilized pazopanib is weighed and then added to the CAPTISOL®solution. If needed, small amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added toadjust and maintain the pH of the solution at equal to or lower thanabout pH=2. Additives such as triacetin or glycerol are added. Theformulation is stirred and shaken at 37° C. or at room temperature untilpazopanib is completely dissolved. The dissolution of pazopanib can takeseveral hours. Next, the pH of the pazopanib-CAPTISOL® solution isadjusted to about pH 6-7 by adding NaOH or Meglumine Remaining CAPTISOL®is then added and dissolved completely by shaking/vortex the formulationat 37° C. or at room temperature. The pH is checked and, if needed,adjusted, before filtering the formulation using a 0.2 μm filter. Theformulation is stored at room temperature and protected from light.Content and purity of the formulation is tested by HPLC and UV.

The present disclosure provides a formulation method in which all solidexcipients (CAPTISOL®, PVP and Histidine-HCl) and the therapeutic agent(e.g., lyophilized pazopanib 1 HCl) are measured and mixed togetherfirst in a vial. Using continuous mixing, gradual addition of therequired water is performed. The solubilization of the formed dispersioncan be done at ambient or elevated temperatures (e.g., about 37° C. orabout 50° C.); using elevated temperatures reduces the time needed toachieve homogeneous solutions (e.g., about 24 hours to about 4 hours).The formulation is then used under native pH about 3-about 4, or is usedafter pH adjustment with NaOH solution (pH about 6-about 7).

The present disclosure provides a method in which at least asolubilizing agent, a buffering agent, a complexing agent, and thelyophilized salt are continuously mixed, while adding water, at equal toor higher than about ambient temperature. The pH of the formulation isadjusted to about 6-7 with a base.

The present disclosure provides a method in which at least asolubilizing agent, a buffering agent, a complexing agent, and thelyophilized monohydrochloride salt of pazopanib are continuously mixed,while adding water, at equal to or higher than about ambienttemperature. The pH of the formulation is adjusted to about 6-7 with abase. The complexing agent in the method is a cyclodextrin is:2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, randomlymethylated-β-cyclodextrin, ethylated-β-cyclodextrin,triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin,carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin,2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin,glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, branched-β-cyclodextrin,hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-γ-cyclodextrin,trimethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, or any combination(s) thereof; thesolubilizing agent is poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP); and the bufferingagent is Histidine HCl.

The present disclosure provides a method in which at least asolubilizing agent, a buffering agent, a complexing agent, and thelyophilized monohydrochloride salt of pazopanib are continuously mixed,while adding water, at equal to or higher than about ambienttemperature. In this method, the pH of the formulation is not adjusted.The complexing agent in the method is a cyclodextrin is:2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, randomlymethylated-β-cyclodextrin, ethylated-β-cyclodextrin,triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin,carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin,2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin,glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, branched-β-cyclodextrin,hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-γ-cyclodextrin,trimethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, or any combination(s) thereof; thesolubilizing agent is poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP); and the bufferingagent is Histidine HCl.

Release Rate of Therapeutic Agents

The present disclosure provides therapeutic agent release rate measuredby the amount of therapeutic agent released by a PDS into receiver fluid(PBS buffer) at 37° C. Therapeutic agent release testing is performed bymeasuring the amount of therapeutic agent released by the PDS into afluid representative of vitreous, maintained at 37° C. in an incubator.The PDS is suspended in a container containing phosphate bufferedsaline. Periodically, the PDS is transferred into a new container andthe concentration of therapeutic agent is measured in the fluid of theprevious container. Rates are calculated from the amount of therapeuticagent released divided by the sample collection duration. The percentcumulative release is calculated from the cumulative amount oftherapeutic agent divided by the amount of therapeutic agent initiallyfilled into the therapeutic device (PDS). The half-life is calculatedfrom the percent cumulative release at 4 weeks. The present disclosureprovides conditions upon release of a small amount of formulation into alarge amount of buffer solution. If the drug precipitates out upondilution (release) that can cause clogging of the delivery device and/orloss of drug because the solid drug will not be measurable in thereceiver fluid. Moreover, the precipitation prevents the efficacioustreatment with the active because the drug is inaccessible in vivo.

The present disclosure provides conditions for testing drugprecipitation in which the formulation, e.g., is diluted 330 fold withphosphate buffered saline solution (with, e.g., 0.1% sodium azide),e.g., about 3 μL of formulation is added to 1 mL PBS buffer. Thesolution is kept in a thermostat (temperature, e.g., 37° C.) andperiodically checked for appearance of crystal growth/precipitation. Thepresent disclosure provides that the formulations prepared withdifferent drug samples (sample-1 or 2 of pazopanib HCl) exhibitsdifferent stability against precipitation upon dilution.

TABLE 5 Time (approximate in days) till precipitation was Formulation*Drug/treatment observed (in 330x dilution) 60 mg/mL, 660 mg/mLPazopanib-2HCl Not tested; no precipitation CAPTISOL ®, 1% PVP- duringdrug release 10 kD, 6 mg/mL Histidine HCl, pH 6 (‘PA96’) 62 mg/mL, 660mg/mL Pazopanib-1HCl Less than 5 days CAPTISOL ®, 1% PVP- 10 kD, 6 mg/mLHistidine HCl, pH 6 (‘PA110’) 60 mg/mL, 660 mg/mL Pazopanib-1HCl- 14days CAPTISOL ®, 1% PVP- lyophilized-DMSO 10 kD, 6 mg/mL Histidine HCl,pH 6 (‘PA96’) 40 mg/mL, 660 mg/mL Pazopanib-1HCl 13 days CAPTISOL ®, 1%PVP- 10 kD, 6 mg/mL Histidine HCl, pH 6 (‘PA139’) 41 mg/mL, 660 mg/mLPazopanib-1HCl- 41 days CAPTISOL ®, 1% PVP- lyophilized-TFE 10 kD, 6mg/mL Histidine HCl, pH 7 (‘PAL11’) 45 mg/mL, 660 mg/mL Pazopanib-1HCl-1 year (approximately) CAPTISOL ®, 1% PVP- lyophilized-DMSO 10 kD, 6mg/mL Histidine HCl, pH 3.5 (‘PAD7’) *Drug concentration is forpazopanib salt, mg/mL

The release rate of the therapeutic agent of the current disclosure in aformulation of about 1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL under various fillconcentrations varies between about 100 μg/mL on day 1, to about 0.01μg/mL on day 140. The present disclosure provides that the release rateis a function of HCl content and/or crystalline form of apharmaceutically acceptable salt of pazopanib. Compared to the releaserate of pazopanib 1HCl, the release rate of pazopanib 2HCl is higher andsustainable for more than 100 days.

Lyophilization is believed to transfer the highly crystalline drug tomostly amorphous solid, which has more favorable solubility properties.As shown in FIG. 1, formulations prepared from lyophilized 1HCl saltpazopanib active agent have significantly improved stability (againstprecipitation/crystallization) compared to the highly crystalline 1HClform, and also resulted in comparable drug release characteristics tothe 2HCl form.

The present disclosure provides that the release rate between about 12μg/day on day 1 to about 1-about 3 μg/day, on around or more than about20 days, of un-lyophilized pazopanib 1HCl (sample-2) from a formulationof CAPTISOL®, a solubilizing agent, e.g., PVP, and a buffering agent,e.g., Histidine HCl, and pH of the formulation adjusted to about 6.5.The half-life of the drug release is about 99 days. Moreover,un-lyophilized pazopanib 1HCl precipitates off the solution during drugrelease. The un-lyophilized pazopanib 1HCl (sample-2) in the formulationis about 40 mg/mL, about 41 mg/mL, about 42 mg/mL, about 43 mg/mL, about44 mg/mL, about 45 mg/mL, about 46 mg/mL, about 47 mg/mL, about 48mg/mL, about 49 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 51 mg/mL, about 52 mg/mL,about 53 mg/mL, about 53 mg/mL, about 54 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 56mg/mL, about 57 mg/mL, about 58 mg/mL, about 59 mg/mL, about 60.0 mg/mL,about 61 mg/mL, about 62 mg/mL, about 63 mg/mL, about 64 mg/mL, about 64mg/mL, or about 65 mg/mL. The ratio of CAPTISOL®:pazopanib 1HCl in theformulation is about 9:1, about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1,about 4:1, about 3:1, or about 2:1. For example, the CD:pazopanib 1HClratio is about 2.2:1; about 2.5:1; about 3.7:1; about 5:1; about 8:1; orabout 9:1. For example, the ratio of CD:pazopanib 1HCl is about 2.5:1 or2.2:1.

The present disclosure provides a stable formulation with about 60 mg/mLpazopanib 2HCl, about 660 mg/mL CAPTISOL®, about 1% PVP-10kD, about 6mg/mL Histidine HCl, about pH 6, such that the pazopanib 2HCl does notprecipitate during ambient storage for up to a year and does not or onlyminimally precipitate upon dilution within at least 40-120 days.Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulation does not or minimallyprecipitate upon dilution up to about 350-folds (e.g., about50-100-folds, about 100-150-folds, about 150-200-folds, about200-250-folds, about 250-300-folds, about 300-310-folds, about310-320-folds, about 320-330-folds, about 330-340-folds, or about340-350-folds) at between about 30° C.-about 50° C. (e.g., about 37° C.)at least 40-120 days. Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulation does notor minimally precipitate during and/or after release from a drugdelivery device of the present disclosure into a body part, e.g.,vitreous of the eye, within at least 40-120 days.

The present disclosure provides that the release rate between about 20μg/day on day 1 to about 2-about 4 μg/day, on around or more than about140 days, of pazopanib 2HCl (sample-1) from a formulation of CAPTISOL®,a solubilizing agent, e.g., PVP, and a buffering agent, e.g., HistidineHCl, and pH of the formulation adjusted to about 6.5. The half-life ofthe drug release is about 53 days. Pazopanib 2HCl (sample-1) in theformulation is about 40 mg/mL, about 41 mg/mL, about 42 mg/mL, about 43mg/mL, about 44 mg/mL, about 45 mg/mL, about 46 mg/mL, about 47 mg/mL,about 48 mg/mL, about 49 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 51 mg/mL, about 52mg/mL, about 53 mg/mL, about 53 mg/mL, about 54 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL,about 56 mg/mL, about 57 mg/mL, about 58 mg/mL, about 59 mg/mL, about60.0 mg/mL, about 61 mg/mL, about 62 mg/mL, about 63 mg/mL, about 64mg/mL, about 64 mg/mL, or about 65 mg/mL. The ratio ofCAPTISOL®:pazopanib 2HCl in the formulation is about 9:1, about 8:1,about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about 3:1, or about 2:1. Forexample, the CD:pazopanib 2HCl ratio is about 2.2:1; about 2.5:1; about3.7:1; about 5:1; about 8:1; or about 9:1. For example, the ratio ofCD:pazopanib 2HCl is about 2.5:1 or 2.2:1.

The present disclosure provides a stable formulation with about 62 mg/mLpazopanib 1HCl, about 660 mg/mL CAPTISOL®, about 1% PVP-10kD, about 6mg/mL Histidine HCl, about pH 6, such that the pazopanib 1HCl does notprecipitate during ambient storage for up to 9 months and does not orminimally precipitate when diluted within 5-10 days. Pazopanib 1HCl inthe present formulation does not or minimally precipitate upon dilutionup to about 350-folds (e.g., about 50-100-folds, about 100-150-folds,about 150-200-folds, about 200-250-folds, about 250-300-folds, about300-310-folds, about 310-320-folds, about 320-330-folds, about330-340-folds, or about 340-350-folds) at between about 30° C.-about 50°C. (e.g., about 37° C.) within 5-10 days. Pazopanib 1HCl in the presentformulation does not or minimally precipitate during and/or afterrelease from a drug delivery device of the present disclosure into abody part, e.g., vitreous of the eye, within 5-10 days.

The present disclosure provides a stable formulation with about 40 mg/mLpazopanib 1HCl, about 660 mg/mL CAPTISOL®, about 1% PVP-10kD, about 6mg/mL Histidine HCl, about pH 6, such that the pazopanib 1HCl does notprecipitate during ambient storage for up to at least 9 months and doesnot or minimally precipitate when diluted within at least 13-20 days.Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulation does not or minimallyprecipitate upon dilution up to about 350-folds (e.g., about50-100-folds, about 100-150-folds, about 150-200-folds, about200-250-folds, about 250-300-folds, about 300-310-folds, about310-320-folds, about 320-330-folds, about 330-340-folds, or about340-350-folds) at between about 30° C.-about 50° C. (e.g., about 37° C.)within at least 13-20 days. Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulationdoes not or minimally precipitate during and/or after release from adrug delivery device of the present disclosure into a body part, e.g.,vitreous of the eye, within at least 13-20 days.

The present disclosure provides that the release rate between about 12μg/day on day 1 to about 1-about 2 μg/day, on around or more than about140 days, of TFE lyophilized pazopanib 1HCl (sample-2) from aformulation of CAPTISOL®, a solubilizing agent, e.g., PVP, and abuffering agent, e.g., Histidine HCl, and pH of the formulation adjustedto about 6.5. The half-life of the drug release is about 45 days.Pazopanib 2HCl (sample-1) in the formulation is about 30 mg/mL, about 31mg/mL, about 32 mg/mL, about 33 mg/mL, about 34 mg/mL, about 35 mg/mL,about 36 mg/mL, about 37 mg/mL, about 38 mg/mL, about 39 mg/mL, 40mg/mL, about 41 mg/mL, about 42 mg/mL, about 43 mg/mL, about 44 mg/mL,about 45 mg/mL, about 46 mg/mL, about 47 mg/mL, about 48 mg/mL, about 49mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 51 mg/mL, about 52 mg/mL, about 53 mg/mL,about 53 mg/mL, about 54 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 56 mg/mL, about 57mg/mL, about 58 mg/mL, about 59 mg/mL, about 60.0 mg/mL, about 61 mg/mL,about 62 mg/mL, about 63 mg/mL, about 64 mg/mL, about 64 mg/mL, or about65 mg/mL. The ratio of CAPTISOL®:pazopanib 2HCl in the formulation isabout 9:1, about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about3:1, or about 2:1. For example, the CD:pazopanib 2HCl ratio is about2.2:1; about 2.5:1; about 3.7:1; about 5:1; about 8:1; or about 9:1. Forexample, the ratio of CD:pazopanib 2HCl is about 4:1. The PVP in theformulation is about 1%, and Histidine HCl in the formulation is about25 mg/mL.

The present disclosure provides that the release rate of between about12 μg/day on day 1 to about 1-about 2 μg/day, on around or more thanabout 140 days from a formulation of about 36.0 mg/mL TFE lyophilizedpazopanib 1HCl (sample-2) from a formulation in which CAPTISOL® ispresent in a ratio of CAPTISOL®:pazopanib of about 4:1, and in thepresence of a solubilizing agent, e.g., about 1% PVP, and a bufferingagent, e.g., about 25 mg/ml Histidine HCl, and pH of the formulationadjusted to about 6.5. The half-life of the drug release is about 45days.

The present disclosure provides a stable formulation with about 41 mg/mLpazopanib 1HCl lyophilized from TFE, about 660 mg/mL CAPTISOL®, about 1%PVP-10kD, about 6 mg/mL Histidine HCl, about pH 7, such that thepazopanib 1HCl does not precipitate during ambient storage within up to6 months and does not or minimally precipitate when diluted within atleast 41-120 days. Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulation does not orminimally precipitate upon dilution up to about 350-folds (e.g., about50-100-folds, about 100-150-folds, about 150-200-folds, about200-250-folds, about 250-300-folds, about 300-310-folds, about310-320-folds, about 320-330-folds, about 330-340-folds, or about340-350-folds) at between about 30° C.-about 50° C. (e.g., about 37° C.)within at least 41-120 days. Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulationdoes not or minimally precipitate during and/or after release from adrug delivery device of the present disclosure into a body part, e.g.,vitreous of the eye, within at least 41-120 days.

The present disclosure provides that the release rate between about 16μg/day on day 1 to about 1-about 3 μg/day, on around or more than about140 days, of DMSO lyophilized pazopanib 1HCl (sample-2) from aformulation of CAPTISOL®, a solubilizing agent, e.g., PVP, and abuffering agent, e.g., Histidine HCl, and pH of the formulation adjustedto about 3.4. The half-life of the drug release is about 45 days.Pazopanib 2HCl (sample-1) in the formulation is about 30 mg/mL, about 31mg/mL, about 32 mg/mL, about 33 mg/mL, about 34 mg/mL, about 35 mg/mL,about 36 mg/mL, about 37 mg/mL, about 38 mg/mL, about 39 mg/mL, 40mg/mL, about 41 mg/mL, about 42 mg/mL, about 43 mg/mL, about 44 mg/mL,about 45 mg/mL, about 46 mg/mL, about 47 mg/mL, about 48 mg/mL, about 49mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 51 mg/mL, about 52 mg/mL, about 53 mg/mL,about 53 mg/mL, about 54 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 56 mg/mL, about 57mg/mL, about 58 mg/mL, about 59 mg/mL, about 60.0 mg/mL, about 61 mg/mL,about 62 mg/mL, about 63 mg/mL, about 64 mg/mL, about 64 mg/mL, or about65 mg/mL. The ratio of CAPTISOL®:pazopanib 2HCl in the formulation isabout 9:1, about 8:1, about 7:1, about 6:1, about 5:1, about 4:1, about3:1, or about 2:1. For example, the CD:pazopanib 2HCl ratio is about2.2:1; about 2.5:1; about 3.7:1; about 5:1; about 8:1; or about 9:1. Forexample, the ratio of CD:pazopanib 2HCl is about 3:1. The PVP in theformulation is about 1%, and Histidine HCl in the formulation is about 6mg/mL.

The present disclosure provides a stable formulation with about 60 mg/mLpazopanib 1HCl lyophilized from DMSO, about 660 mg/mL CAPTISOL®, about1% PVP-10kD, optionally about 6 mg/mL Histidine HCl, about pH 6, suchthat the pazopanib 1HCl does not precipitate during ambient storagewithin up to 40 days and does not or minimally precipitate when dilutedwithin at least 10-14 days. Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulationdoes not or minimally precipitate upon dilution up to about 350-folds(e.g., about 50-100-folds, about 100-150-folds, about 150-200-folds,about 200-250-folds, about 250-300-folds, about 300-310-folds, about310-320-folds, about 320-330-folds, about 330-340-folds, or about340-350-folds) at between about 30° C.-about 50° C. (e.g., about 37° C.)within at least 10-14 days. Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulationdoes not or minimally precipitate during and/or after release from adrug delivery device of the present disclosure into a body part, e.g.,vitreous of the eye, within at least 10-14 days.

The present disclosure provides a stable formulation with about 45 mg/mLpazopanib 1HCl lyophilized from DMSO, about 660 mg/mL CAPTISOL®, about1% PVP-10kD, about 6 mg/mL Histidine HCl, about pH 3.5, such that thepazopanib 1HCl does not precipitate during storage at ambienttemperature and does not or minimally precipitate when diluted within atleast 50 days. Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulation does not orminimally precipitate upon dilution up to about 350-folds (e.g., about50-100-folds, about 100-150-folds, about 150-200-folds, about200-250-folds, about 250-300-folds, about 300-310-folds, about310-320-folds, about 320-330-folds, about 330-340-folds, or about340-350-folds) at between about 30° C.-about 50° C. (e.g., about 37° C.)within at least 50 days. Pazopanib 1HCl in the present formulation doesnot or minimally precipitate during and/or after release from a drugdelivery device of the present disclosure into a body part, e.g.,vitreous of the eye, within at least 50 days.

The present disclosure provides that the release rate of about 50.0mg/mL DMSO lyophilized pazopanib 1HCl (sample-2) from a formulation inwhich CAPTISOL® is present in a ratio of CAPTISOL®:pazopanib of about3:1, and in the presence of a solubilizing agent, e.g., about 1% PVP,and a buffering agent, e.g., about 6 mg/ml Histidine HCl, and pH of theformulation adjusted to about 3.4, is between about 16 μg/day on day 1to about 1-about 3 μg/day, on around or more than about 140 days. Thehalf-life of the drug release is about 45 days.

The present disclosure provides release rate of pazopanib formulationsfrom a delivery device wherein the formulation is prepared without abuffering agent, and includes pazopanib 1HCl (between about 30 mg/mL toabout 40 mg/mL), about 660-about 700 mg/mL (e.g., about 660 mg/mL)CAPTISOL®, polymer (e.g., PVP), and with native pH. The fillconcentration is about 30 mg/mL-about 35 mg/mL (large scale lyophilizedformulation) or about 35 mg/mL-about 45 mg/mL (small scale lyophilizedformulation). Table 6 provides non-limiting examples of the release rateof the formulations of the present disclosure.

TABLE 6 Time- point for RRI Fill (days) Conc. 3 (about D RRI Formulationmg/mL) (cm{circumflex over ( )}2/s) (mm) PAD- Pazopanib HCl, about 33mg/mL, 37.00 4.90E−06 00056 20 25 FBE-Lyo; about 660 mg/mL scmmCAPTISOL ® (4x); about 1% PVP; No Histidine HCl; about 50° C., for 6hours −pH native PAD- Pazopanib HCl, about 33 mg/mL, 37.00 4.90E−0600069 20 45 FBE-Lyo; about 660 mg/mL sccm CAPTISOL ® (4x); 1% PVP; NoHistidine HCl; about 50° C., for 6 hours −pH native PAD- Pazopanib HCl,about 33 mg/mL 40.08 4.90E−06 00050 21 2.5 FBE-Lyo; 660 mg/mL scmmCAPTISOL ® (4x); about 1% PVP; No Histidine HC1; about 50° C., for 6hours −pH native PAD- Pazopanib HCl, about 33 mg/mL 40.08 4.90E−06 0006721 4.5 FBE-Lyo; about 660 mg/mL scmm CAPTISOL ® (4x); about 1% PVP; NoHistidine-HCl; about 50° C., for 6 hours −pH nativeKit

The present disclosure provide a kit in which any one of the stableformulations of the present disclosure is contained in a reservoirchamber of a therapeutic device, wherein the reservoir chamber iscoupled to a porous structure for controlled release of the therapeuticagent in the vitreous of the eye.

Therapeutic Device

The therapeutic device includes many configurations and physicalattributes, for example the physical characteristics of the therapeuticdevice comprise at least one of a therapeutic agent delivery device(Port Delivery System (PDS)) with a suture, positioning and sizing suchthat vision is not impaired, and biocompatible material. For example,the device comprises a reservoir capacity from about 0.005 cc to about0.2 cc, for example from about 0.01 cc to about 0.1 cc, and a devicevolume of no more than about 2 cc. A vitrectomy is performed for devicevolumes larger than 0.1 cc. The length of the therapeutic device doesnot interfere with the patient's vision and is dependent on the shape ofthe device, as well as the location of the implanted device with respectto the eye. The length of the device also depends on the angle in whichthe device is inserted. For example, a length of the device comprisesfrom about 4 to 6 mm. Since the diameter of the eye is about 24 mm, adevice extending no more than about 6 mm from the sclera into thevitreous has a minimal effect on patient vision.

Variations comprise many combinations of implanted therapeutic agentdelivery devices (Port Delivery System (PDS)). The therapeutic devicecomprises a therapeutic agent and binding agent. The device alsocomprises at least one of a membrane, an opening, a diffusion barrier, adiffusion mechanism so as to release therapeutic amounts of therapeuticagent for the extended time. Several variations of the device have beendisclosed in WO 2012/065006, WO2012/019047, WO2013/003620, WO2012/019136, WO 2012/019176, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,277,830, each of whichis incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIG. 2A shows a therapeutic device 100 implanted under the conjunctiva16 and extending through the sclera 24 to release a therapeutic agentinto vitreous humor of the eye so as to treat the retina of the eye. Thetherapeutic device 100 includes a retention structure 120 such as asmooth protrusion configured for placement along the sclera and underthe conjunctiva, such that the conjunctiva covers the therapeutic deviceand protects the therapeutic device 100. When the therapeutic agent 110is inserted into the device 100, the conjunctiva is lifted away,incised, or punctured with a needle to access the therapeutic device.The eye includes an insertion of the tendon 27 of the superior rectusmuscle to couple the sclera of the eye to the superior rectus muscle. Inembodiments, the device 100 is positioned in many locations of the parsplana region, for example away from tendon and one or more of posteriorto the tendon, under the tendon, or with nasal or temporal placement ofthe therapeutic device.

While the implant can be positioned in the eye in many ways, work inrelation to variations suggests that placement in the pars plana regionreleases therapeutic agent into the vitreous to treat the retina, forexample therapeutic agent comprising an active ingredient composed oflarge molecules.

Therapeutic agents 110 suitable for use with device 100 include manytherapeutic agents, for example as listed in Table 1. The therapeuticagent 110 of device 100 includes one or more of an active ingredient ofthe therapeutic agent, a formulation of the therapeutic agent,components of a formulation of the therapeutic agent, a physicianprepared formulation of therapeutic agent, or a pharmacist preparedformulation of the therapeutic agent.

The therapeutic device 100 can be implanted in the eye to treat the eyefor as long as is helpful and beneficial to the patient. For example,the device is implanted for at least about 5 years, such as permanentlyfor the life of the patient. Alternatively or in combination, the deviceis removed when no longer helpful or beneficial for treatment of thepatient.

FIG. 2B shows structures of therapeutic device 100 configured forplacement in an eye as in FIG. 2A. The device comprises retentionstructure 120 to couple the device 100 to the sclera, for example aprotrusion disposed on a proximal end of the device. The device 100comprises a container 130 affixed to the retention structure 120. Anactive ingredient, for example therapeutic agent 110, is containedwithin a reservoir 140, for example a chamber 132 defined by a container130 of the device. The container 130 includes a porous structure 150comprising a porous material 152, for example a porous glass frit 154,and a barrier 160 to inhibit release of the therapeutic agent, forexample non-permeable membrane 162. The non-permeable membrane 162comprises a substantially non-permeable material 164. The non-permeablemembrane 162 includes an opening 166 sized to release therapeuticamounts of the therapeutic agent 110 for the extended time. The porousstructure 150 includes a thickness 150T and pore sizes configured inconjunction with the opening 166 so as to release therapeutic amounts ofthe therapeutic agent for the extended time. The container 130 includesreservoir 140 having a chamber with a volume 142 sized to contain atherapeutic quantity of the therapeutic agent 110 for release over theextended time. The device includes a needle stop 170. Proteins in thevitreous humor enter the device and compete for adsorption sites on theporous structure and thereby contribute to the release of therapeuticagent. The therapeutic agent 110 contained in the reservoir 140equilibrate with proteins in the vitreous humor, such that the system isdriven towards equilibrium and the therapeutic agent 110 is released intherapeutic amounts.

The non-permeable material such as the non-permeable membrane 162, theporous material 152, the reservoir 140, and the retention structure 120,comprise many configurations to deliver the therapeutic agent 110. Thenon-permeable membrane 162 comprises an annular tube joined by a dischaving at least one opening formed thereon to release the therapeuticagent. The porous material 152 comprises an annular porous glass frit154 and a circular end disposed thereon. The reservoir 140 isshape-changing for ease of insertion; i.e., it assumes a thin elongatedshape during insertion through the sclera and then assumes an extended,ballooned shape, once it is filled with therapeutic agent.

The porous structure 150 can be configured in many ways to release thetherapeutic agent in accordance with an intended release profile. Theporous structure comprises a single hole or a plurality of holesextending through a barrier material such as a rigid plastic or a metal.Alternatively or in combination, the porous structure comprises a porousstructure having a plurality of openings on a first side facing thereservoir and a plurality of openings on a second side facing thevitreous humor, with a plurality of interconnecting channels disposedthere between so as to couple the openings of the first side with theopenings of the second side, for example a sintered rigid material. Theporous structure 150 comprises one or more of a permeable membrane, asemi-permeable membrane, a material having at least one hole disposedtherein, nano-channels, nano-channels etched in a rigid material, laseretched nano-channels, a capillary channel, a plurality of capillarychannels, one or more tortuous channels, tortuous microchannels,sintered nano-particles, an open cell foam or a hydrogel such as an opencell hydrogel.

FIG. 2C shows therapeutic device 100 loaded into an insertion cannula210 of an insertion apparatus 200, in which the device 100 comprises anelongate narrow shape for insertion into the sclera, and in which thedevice is configured to expand to a second elongate wide shape forretention at least partially in the sclera.

FIG. 2D shows a therapeutic device 100 comprising reservoir 140 suitablefor loading in a cannula, in which the reservoir 140 comprises anexpanded configuration when placed in the eye.

FIG. 2E shows therapeutic device 100 placed in an eye as in FIG. 2A. Thedevice comprises retention structure 120 to couple to the sclera, forexample flush with the sclera, and the barrier 160 comprises a tube 168.An active ingredient 112 comprising the therapeutic agent 110 iscontained within tube 168 comprising non-permeable material 164. Aporous structure 150 comprising a porous material 152 is disposed at thedistal end of the tube 168 to provide a sustained release of thetherapeutic agent at therapeutic concentrations for the extended period.The non-permeable material 164 extends distally around the porousmaterial 152 so as to define an opening to couple the porous material152 to the vitreous humor when the device is inserted into the eye.

FIG. 2F shows an access port 180 suitable for incorporation with thetherapeutic device 100. The access port 180 is combined with thetherapeutic devices described herein. The access port is disposed on aproximal end of the device. The access port 180 comprises an openingformed in the retention structure 120 with a penetrable barrier 184comprising a septum 186 disposed thereon. The penetrable barrierreceives the needle 189 sized to pass the formulation 190 as describedherein. The access port 180 is configured for placement under theconjunctiva 16 of the patient and above the sclera 24.

Delivery of Therapeutic Agent from the Device

The drug delivery formulations of the present disclosure is contained ina reservoir chamber coupled to a porous structure in a therapeutic agentdelivery system for controlled release of the therapeutic agent in thevitreous of the eye; and wherein the controlled release of theformulation from the porous structure produces a concentration of thetherapeutic agent in the vitreous that is lower than the concentrationof the therapeutic agent in the reservoir chamber by at least two ordersof magnitude. The reservoir chamber is re-fillable and is re-filled withthe formulation after the device is inserted into the eye.

The reservoir chamber is re-filled with the formulation after the devicehas been in the eye for between 30-90 days, or up to 6 months. Thedelivery device for use in delivering any one of the formulations of thepresent disclosure is disclosed in WO 2010/088548, and the disclosure inthe '548 publication relating only to the delivery device isincorporated by reference herein.

Design of the therapeutic agent delivery formulations for the sustainedrelease from the PDS implant of the current embodiments is based onseveral considerations. For example, therapeutic agent elution from thePDS is based on molecular diffusion through the Release Control Element(RCE), which consists of irregular shaped channels. The irregular shapedchannels were described in WO 2012/065006, contents of which relating tothe RCE are incorporated herein in their entireties.

Moreover, diffusion takes place both ways, i.e., from the therapeuticagent diffusing out from the filled PDS into the vitreous and from thevitreous into the PDS. This reversible diffusion allows formulationcontents to equilibrate with the vitreous over time. Due to diffusion toand from the PDS and vitreous, the designed formulations have to becompatible with the vitreous components and vitreous pH. Theformulations also have to be compatible with the high dilution into thevitreous upon release from the PDS reservoir.

The formulations of the current disclosure are compatible with thevitreous components and vitreous pH. The formulations described in thecurrent embodiments are compatible with the high dilution into thevitreous upon release from the PDS reservoir.

The current disclosure provides tuning of the rate of therapeutic agentdelivery from the PDS implant reservoir to achieve the desired sustainedrelease profile and desired tissue levels. According to the currentdisclosure, the tuning is achieved by the design of the PDS implant,which includes a porous structure for controlling therapeutic agentrelease. The porous structure has porosity and tortuosity, furtherhaving geometrical dimensions, and is of materials such as titanium,polymeric, and/or coated and has functionality of the surface. Thetuning of the rate of delivery is also achieved by varying the reservoirvolume.

The tuning of the rate of therapeutic agent delivery depends on theformulation composition, formulation agents, pH, nature of thecomplexing agent, concentration of the complexing agent, formulationviscosity, and/or therapeutic agent concentration in the reservoir.

Formulations of the current disclosure are designed to produce robustand highly predictable therapeutic agent delivery characteristics andprofiles. In some embodiments, the use of a selected complexing agentachieves very similar therapeutic agent delivery characteristics (suchas half-life of therapeutic agent delivery from PDS reservoir) for avariety of compounds formulated in that selected complexing agent. Thecurrent disclosure provides that the half-lives of different therapeuticagents are similar within a range of the complexing agent concentrationsin a formulation. The therapeutic agent delivery performance anddiffusion through the PDS implant for such formulations are similar tothat of the non-complexed single molecular entities.

The device for delivery of the current disclosure comprises a reservoirand a porous structure. For example, the device is the one described inWO 2012/019176, contents of which relating to the reservoir areincorporated herein in their entireties. A porous structure similar tothat of the current embodiment was described in WO 2012/065006, contentsof which relating to the porous structure are incorporated herein intheir entireties.

In some embodiments, the porous structure comprises a first side coupledto the reservoir and a second side to couple to the vitreous. The firstside comprises a first area and the second side may comprise a secondarea.

The volume of the reservoir comprises from about 5 μL to about 50 μL oftherapeutic agent, or for example from about 10 μL to about 25 μL, forexample, 23 μL of therapeutic agent.

The therapeutic agent stored in the reservoir of the container comprisesat least one of a solid comprising the therapeutic agent, a solutioncomprising the therapeutic agent, a suspension comprising thetherapeutic agent, particles comprising the therapeutic agent adsorbedthereon, or particles reversibly bound to the therapeutic agent. Thereservoir comprises a buffer and a suspension of a therapeutic agentcomprising solubility within a range from about 1 mg/mL to about 100mg/mL, such as from about 1 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL.

In embodiments, the concentration of the therapeutic agent in theformulation depends on increasing the solubility of the agent in wateror aqueous solutions by using any one or more of: complexing agents, pHadjusting agents, solubility/stabilizing agents, amphiphilic agents,buffering agents, non-aqueous solvents, or any combinations thereof. Thetherapeutic agents of these embodiments are inherently sparingly soluble(parts of solvent required for 1 part of solute=30 to 100), slightlysoluble (parts of solvent required for 1 part of solute=100 to 1000),very slightly soluble (parts of solvent required for 1 part ofsolute=1000 to 10,000), or practically insoluble or insoluble (parts ofsolvent required for 1 part of solute≧10,000) in water or an aqueoussolution.

The release rate index comprises many values, and the release rate indexwith the suspension is somewhat higher than for a solution in manyembodiments, for example.

The porous structure comprises a needle stop that limits penetration ofthe needle. The porous structure comprises a plurality of channelsconfigured for the extended release of the therapeutic agent. The porousstructure comprises a rigid sintered material having characteristicssuitable for the sustained release of the material.

The reservoir and the porous structure are configured to releasetherapeutic amounts of the therapeutic agent in many ways. The reservoirand the porous structure is configured to release therapeutic amounts ofthe therapeutic agent corresponding to a concentration of at least about0.1 μg per ml of vitreous humor or 0.1-25 μg/day for an extended periodof at least about three months. The reservoir and the porous structureis configured to release therapeutic amounts of the therapeutic agentcorresponding to a concentration of at least about 0.1 μg per ml ofvitreous humor and no more than about 10 μg per ml of vitreous humor foran extended period of at least about three months. In some embodiments,the therapeutic agent is a small molecule therapeutic agent suitable forsustained release.

The reservoir and the porous structure are configured to releasetherapeutic amounts of the therapeutic agent corresponding to aconcentration of at least about 0.1 μg per ml of vitreous humor and nomore than about 10 μg per ml of vitreous humor for an extended period ofat least about 3 months or at least about 6 months. For example, thereservoir and the porous structure are configured to release therapeuticamounts of the therapeutic agent corresponding to a concentration of atleast about 0.1 μg per ml of vitreous humor and no more than about 10 μgper ml of vitreous humor for an extended period of at least about twelvemonths or at least about two years or at least about three years. Forexample, the reservoir and the porous structure is configured to releasetherapeutic amounts of the therapeutic agent corresponding to aconcentration of at least about 0.01 μg per ml of vitreous humor and nomore than about 300 μg per ml of vitreous humor for an extended periodof at least about 3 months or 6 months or 12 months or 24 months.

Formulation components added to increase the solubility of thetherapeutic agents bind the therapeutic agent so strongly that efficacyat the target tissue is less than ideal in at least some instances. Forexample, complexing agents, such as cyclodextrin, enable formulationscontaining high concentrations of low water solubility therapeuticagents. However, high amounts of dilution are required in order torelease the therapeutic agent, as discussed, e.g., in Stella et al.,Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 36: 3-16 (1999); and Brewster andLoftsson, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 59: 645-666 (2007). Dilutionsby a factor of at least 10, often factors of at least 100 or 1000 oreven 10,000 are commonly needed to release large fractions oftherapeutic agent from complexes with cyclodextrin.

The therapeutic agent delivery device (PDS) combined with a formulationcontaining a complexing agent such as cyclodextrin offers a uniqueadvantage over all previous applications of cyclodextrin. The reservoirand porous structure of the PDS are configured to achieve the dilutionsrequired to release therapeutic agent from cyclodextrin complexes forextended periods of time. For example, a PDS with 23 μL volume andRRI=0.007 mm implanted into a human eye achieves dilution factors inexcess of 10,000 for prolonged periods of time, for example, severalmonths. The sustained high dilution is very different than the minimaldilution that occurs when cyclodextrin formulations are applied astopical drops to the eye. Furthermore, sustained delivery with highdilution for periods of months from the PDS is unique from the shortdurations (e.g., hours) corresponding to intravenous injections ofcyclodextrin formulations.

In embodiments, the porous structure comprises porosity, a thickness, achannel parameter and a surface area configured to release therapeuticamounts for the extended period. For example, the porous materialcomprises a porosity corresponding to the fraction of void space of thechannels extending within the material. For example, the porositycomprises a value within a range from about 3% to about 70%. In otherembodiments, the porosity comprises a value with a range from about 5%to about 10% or from about 10% to about 25%, or for example from about15% to about 20%. Porosity is determined from the weight and macroscopicvolume or is measured via nitrogen gas adsorption.

The porous structure comprises a plurality of porous structures, and thearea used in the equation for calculation comprises the combined area ofthe plurality of porous structures.

Indications and Methods of Treatment

Disclosed are methods for the treatment and/or amelioration of diseasesor conditions of the eye, especially retinopathies and ocularneovascularization. Non-limiting examples of these diseases orconditions include diabetic macular edema, AMD, CNV, NV, DR, ocularischemia, retinal vein occlusion (central or branch), ocular trauma,surgery induced edema, surgery induced neovascularization,cystoidmacular edema, uveitis, and the like. These diseases orconditions are characterized by changes in the ocular vasculaturewhether progressive or non-progressive, whether a result of an acutedisease or condition, or a chronic disease or condition.

The current disclosure provides use of formulations described herein inthe treatment and/or amelioration of atrophic AMD. The formulations areused in the treatment of neovascular (exudative or wet) AMD. Theformulation of the current disclosure treats, prevents progression of,or ameliorates a symptom of vascular leakage and/or neovascularizationin the retina.

The disclosed methods relate to preventing progression of or controllingpathologic neovascularization (NV), or treating a disease or conditionthat is related to the onset of NV by administering to a subject one ormore of the disclosed therapeutic agents, and formulations thereof. Thedisclosed method relates to treating or preventing progression of NV byadministering to a subject an effective amount of pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of pazopanib in formulations with one or moreformulation agents including: complexing agents,solubilizing/stabilizing agents, pH adjusting agents, buffering agents,amphiphilic agents, non-aqueous solvents, tonicity agents, orcombinations thereof. The complexing agent for use in the formulationfor treating or preventing NV is cyclodextrin, for example, CAPTISOL®.

The disclosed methods relate to preventing or controlling ocularneovascularization or treating a disease or condition that is related tothe onset of ocular neovascularization by intravitreal delivery of aformulation of the current disclosure.

Another disclosed method relates to preventing or controlling retinaledema or retinal neovascularization or treating a disease or conditionthat is related to the onset of retinal edema or retinalneovascularization by intravitreal delivery of a formulation comprisinga tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a complexing agent, for example,cyclodextrin.

The present disclosure relates to a method for delaying or preventingprogression of non-proliferative retinopathy to proliferativeretinopathy by intravitreal delivery of a formulation comprising atyrosine kinase inhibitor and a complexing agent, for example,cyclodextrin.

A further disclosed method relates to treating, preventing progressionof and/or controlling diabetic retinopathy, or treating a disease orcondition that is associated with or caused by the onset of diabeticretinopathy, by intravitreal delivery of a formulation comprising atyrosine kinase inhibitor, pazopanib 1HCl or pazopanib 2HCl, and acomplexing agent, for example, cyclodextrin.

Diabetic proliferative retinopathy is characterized byneovascularization. The new blood vessels are fragile and aresusceptible to bleeding. The result is scaring of the retina, as well asocclusion or total blockage of the light pathway through the eye due tothe over formation of new blood vessels. Typically subjects havingdiabetic macular edema are suffering from the non-proliferative stage ofdiabetic retinopathy; however, it is not uncommon for subjects to onlybegin manifesting macular edema at the onset of the proliferative stage.

Yet a further disclosed method relates to preventing or controllingdiabetic macular edema or treating a disease or condition that isrelated to the onset of diabetic macular edema by intravitreal deliveryof a formulation comprising a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a complexingagent, for example, cyclodextrin.

General Definitions

In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference is madeto a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the followingmeanings: All percentages, ratios and proportions herein are by weight,unless otherwise specified. All temperatures are in degrees Celsius (°C.) unless otherwise specified.

By “pharmaceutically acceptable” is meant a material that is notbiologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material can beadministered to an individual along with the relevant active compoundwithout causing clinically unacceptable biological effects orinteracting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components ofthe pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.

A weight percent of a component, unless specifically stated to thecontrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or compositionin which the component is included.

By “effective amount” as used herein means “an amount of one or more ofthe disclosed compounds, effective at dosages and for periods of timenecessary to achieve the desired or therapeutic result.” An effectiveamount may vary according to factors known in the art, such as thedisease state, age, sex, and weight of the human or animal beingtreated. Although particular dosage regimes may be described in examplesherein, a person skilled in the art would appreciate that the dosageregime may be altered to provide optimum therapeutic response. Forexample, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose maybe proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of thetherapeutic situation. In addition, the compositions of this disclosurecan be administered as frequently as necessary to achieve a therapeuticamount.

“Agent” is used herein to include any other compound that may becontained in or combined with one or more of the disclosed inhibitorsthat is not a therapeutically or biologically active compound. As such,an agent should be pharmaceutically or biologically acceptable orrelevant (for example, an agent should generally be non-toxic to thesubject). “Agent” includes a single such compound and is also intendedto include a plurality of agents. For the purposes of the presentdisclosure the term “agent” and “carrier” are used interchangeablythroughout the description of the present disclosure and said terms aredefined herein as, “ingredients which are used in the practice offormulating a safe and effective pharmaceutical composition.”

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is art-recognized, andrefers to, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable materials,compositions or vehicles, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent,excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying ortransporting any supplement or composition, or component thereof, fromone organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of thebody, or to deliver an agent to the surface of the eye. Each carriermust be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the otheringredients of the composition and not injurious to the patient. Incertain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier isnon-pyrogenic. Some examples of materials which may serve aspharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such aslactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch andpotato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, ethyl celluloseand cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin;(7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes;(9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil,olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propyleneglycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol andpolyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyllaurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxideand aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17)isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20)phosphate buffer solutions; (21) gums such as HP-guar; (22) polymers;and (23) other non-toxic compatible substances employed inpharmaceutical formulations.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to the fact that thecarrier, diluent or agent must be compatible with the other ingredientsof the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

As used herein, by a “subject” is meant an individual. Thus, the“subject” can include domesticated animals (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.),livestock (e.g., cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc.), laboratoryanimals (e.g., mouse, rabbit, rat, guinea pig, etc.), and birds.“Subject” can also include a mammal, such as a primate or a human.

By “reduce” or other forms of the word, such as “reducing” or“reduction,” is meant lowering of an event or characteristic (e.g.,vascular leakage). It is understood that this is typically in relationto some standard or expected value, in other words it is relative, butthat it is not always necessary for the standard or relative value to bereferred to.

The term “treat” or other forms of the word such as “treated” or“treatment” is used herein to mean that administration of a therapeuticagent of the present invention mitigates a disease or a disorder in ahost and/or reduces, inhibits, or eliminates a particular characteristicor event associated with a disorder (e.g., vascular leakage).

Insofar as the methods of the present invention are directed topreventing disorders, it is understood that the term “prevent” does notrequire that the disease state be completely thwarted. Rather, as usedherein, the term preventing refers to the ability of the skilled artisanto identify a population that is susceptible to disorders, such thatadministration of the compounds of the present invention may occur priorto onset of a disease. The term does not imply that the disease state becompletely avoided.

The term “ameliorating a symptom” or other forms of the word such as“ameliorate a symptom” is used herein to mean that administration of atherapeutic agent of the present invention mitigates one or moresymptoms of a disease or a disorder in a host and/or reduces, inhibits,or eliminates a particular symptom associated with the disease ordisorder prior to and/or post administration of the therapeutic agent.

The disclosed compounds affect vascular leakage by inhibiting a receptortyrosine kinase.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification the word“comprise” and other forms of the word, such as “comprising” and“comprises,” means including but not limited to, and is not intended toexclude, for example, other additives, components, integers, or steps.

As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms“a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includesinstances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where itdoes not.

Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value,and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range isexpressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/orto the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed asapproximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it is understood thatthe particular value forms another aspect. It is further understood thatthe endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation tothe other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is alsounderstood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and thateach value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value inaddition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” isdisclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood thatwhen a value is disclosed, then “less than or equal to” the value,“greater than or equal to the value,” and possible ranges between valuesare also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan.For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “less than or equal to10” as well as “greater than or equal to 10” is also disclosed. It isalso understood that throughout the application data are provided in anumber of different formats and that this data represent endpoints andstarting points and ranges for any combination of the data points. Forexample, if a particular data point “10” and a particular data point“15” are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than orequal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 areconsidered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understoodthat each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. Forexample, if a range of 10 and 15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14are also disclosed.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s),” as used herein, unlessotherwise indicated, includes salts of acidic or basic groups.

The term “kinase” refers to any enzyme that catalyzes the addition ofphosphate groups to a protein residue; for example, serine and threoninekinases catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to serine andthreonine residues.

The terms “VEGFR kinase,” “VEGFR,” refer to any of the vascularendothelial growth factor receptors.

The terms “VEGF signaling,” and “VEGF cascade” refer to both theupstream and downstream components of the VEGF signaling cascade.

The terms “administration of a compound” or “administering a compound”refer to the act of providing a compound of the invention orpharmaceutical composition to the subject in need of treatment.

In the current disclosure “composition” and “formulation” are usedinterchangeably and refer to the conventional understanding, as known inthe art, of a composition or formulation. “Formulation” as disclosedherein may comprise a solution, suspension, semi-solid, or semi-liquidmixtures of therapeutic agents and/or formulation excipients orformulation agents.

“Solution” according to the current disclosure is a clear, homogeneousliquid form that contains one or more chemical substances dissolved in asolvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. A solution is a liquidpreparation that contains one or more dissolved chemical substances in asuitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. Becausemolecules of a therapeutic agent substance in solution are uniformlydispersed, the use of solutions as dosage forms generally providesassurance of uniform dosage upon administration and good accuracy whenthe solution is diluted or otherwise mixed. “Solution” as disclosedherein contemplates any variations based on the current state of the artor variations achieved by one skilled in the art.

“Suspension” according to the current disclosure is a liquid form thatcontains solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle. “Suspension” asdisclosed herein contemplates any variations based on the current stateof the art or variations achieved by one skilled in the art.

“Therapeutic agent delivery device” and “Port Delivery System” (“PDS”)are used interchangeably in this specification. As disclosed herein, the“Therapeutic agent delivery device” or “Port Delivery System” (“PDS”)contemplates any variation of the disclosed device designed to achievesimilar objective of target specific delivering a therapeutic agent intoa subject. For example, “Therapeutic agent delivery device” or “PortDelivery System” (“PDS”) may have a design to include a membrane, anopening, a diffusion barrier, a diffusion mechanism so as to releasetherapeutic amounts of therapeutic agent for extended periods of time,e.g., 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 120 days or more. Several variations ofthe device have been disclosed in WO 2012/065006, WO2012/019047,WO2013/003620, WO 2012/019136, WO 2012/019176, and U.S. Pat. No.8,277,830, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety.

The term “acute” as used herein denotes a condition having a rapidonset, and symptoms that are severe but short in duration.

The term “analgesic” as used herein denotes a compound/formulation forthe management of intermittent and/or chronic physical discomfort,suitable for long term use.

The term “anesthetic” or “anesthesia” as used herein denotes acompound/formulation for the management of acute physical pain, suitablefor short term, temporary use, which has an effect that produces numbingor decreased sensitivity in the body part/organ to which thecompound/formulation is administered (e.g., decreased cornealsensitivity of the eye).

The term “aqueous” typically denotes an aqueous composition wherein thecarrier is to an extent of >50%, more preferably >75% and in particular90% by weight water.

The term “chronic” as defined herein is meant a persistent, lastingcondition, or one marked by frequent recurrence, preferably a conditionthat persists/recurs for greater than 3 months, more preferably greaterthan 6 months, more preferably greater than 12 months, and even morepreferably greater than 24 months.

The term “comfortable” as used herein refers to a sensation of physicalwell-being or relief, in contrast to the physical sensation of pain,burning, stinging, itching, irritation, or other symptoms associatedwith physical discomfort.

As used herein the term “symptom” is defined as an indication ofdisease, illness, injury, or that something is not right in the body.Symptoms are felt or noticed by the individual experiencing the symptom,but may not easily be noticed by others. Others are defined asnon-health-care professionals.

As used herein the term “sign” is also defined as an indication thatsomething is not right in the body. But signs are defined as things thatcan be seen by a doctor, nurse, or other health care professional.

The term “more” as used in the present disclosure does not includeinfinite number of possibilities. The term “more” as used in the presentdisclosure is used as a skilled person in the art would understand inthe context in which it is used.

As used in the present disclosure, whether in a transitional phrase orin the body of a claim, the terms “comprise(s)” and “comprising” are tobe interpreted as having an open-ended meaning. That is, the terms areto be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or“including at least.” When used in the context of a process the term“comprising” means that the process includes at least the recited steps,but may include additional steps. When used in the context of amolecule, compound, or composition, the term “comprising” means that thecompound or composition includes at least the recited features orcomponents, but may also include additional features or components.

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the embodimentsdescribed herein, reference made to preferred embodiments and specificlanguage are used to describe the same. The terminology used herein isfor the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is notintended to limit the scope of the present invention. As used throughoutthis disclosure, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include pluralreference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, forexample, a reference to “a composition” includes a plurality of suchcompositions, as well as a single composition, and a reference to “atherapeutic agent” is a reference to one or more therapeutic and/orpharmaceutical agents and equivalents thereof known to those skilled inthe art, and so forth. All percentages and ratios used herein, unlessotherwise indicated, are by weight.

The following examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of themethods and compositions of the present invention. Other suitablemodifications and adaptations of the variety of conditions andparameters normally encountered in synthesis and use of the compounds ofthe present disclosure and that are obvious to those skilled in the artare within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

EXAMPLES

The following examples provide methods of preparing formulations of thecurrent disclosure and evaluating their characteristics at the vitreousupon intravitreal delivery.

Example 1

Method of Preparation Pazopanib 2HCl Formulation

The API (from Hwasun Biotechnology Corp.; Distributed by Manus-Aktteva)that contained 2 HCl per each pazopanib molecule was formulated up to 60mg/ml drug concentrations. Pazopanib dissolved in CAPTISOL® solution andafter adding all required excipients the pH was adjusted to the desiredvalues.

Formulations were prepared by dissolving the required amount ofCAPTISOL®, acid, and agents in water. Pazopanib 2HCl was added and mixeduntil dissolution. Then sodium hydroxide was added to reach the finalpH. Formulation was filtered and then injected into PDS implants toperform therapeutic agent release testing.

Example 2

Method of Preparation Pazopanib 1HCl Formulation—No Lyophilization

Approximately half of the required CAPTISOL® in a vial was weighed anddissolved in the appropriate amount of water. PVP-10k (polyvinylpyrrolidone, MW=10 kDa) and Histidine HCl were added and dissolved bymixing the solution (vortex, sonication, shaking). Pazopanib API (fromHetero Labs Limited) was weighed and then added to the CAPTISOL®solution. If needed, small amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl) was addedto adjust and maintain the pH of the solution at equal to or lower thanpH=2. Additives such as triacetin or glycerol were added. Theformulation was stirred and shaken at 37° C. or at room temperatureuntil pazopanib was completely dissolved. The dissolution of pazopanibcan take several hours. Next, the pH of the pazopanib-CAPTISOL® solutionwas adjusted to pH 6-7 by adding NaOH or Meglumine Remaining CAPTISOL®was then added and dissolved completely by shaking/vortex theformulation at 37° C. or at room temperature. The pH was checked and, ifneeded, adjusted, before filtering the formulation using a 0.2 μmfilter. The formulation was stored at room temperature and protectedfrom light. Content and purity of the formulation was tested by HPLC andUV.

Example 3

A high concentration formulation of a therapeutic agent, e.g., pazopanib1HCl was prepared by stirring and/or shaking the active pharmaceuticalingredient in a dispersion with a base, e.g. NaOH, at room temperature,for about 30 minutes. The composition of the dispersion was, e.g., about275 mg/mL in 1N NaOH.

In this method, formulations were prepared by dissolving the requiredamount of cyclodextrin, acid, and agents in water. The NaOH treatedpazopanib 1HCl was added and mixed until dissolution. Then sodiumhydroxide was added to reach pH 6-7. Formulation was filtered and theninjected into PDS implants to perform therapeutic agent release testing.

While comparable high drug concentrations were achieved with both the2HCl and 1HCl Pazopanib forms, the 1HCl Pazopanib formulations were veryunstable. The 1HCl pazopanib readily crystallized out both from theformulation on shelf (i.e., during storage) and upon dilution of theformulation (i.e., during drug release).

The stability of the 1HCl Pazopanib formulations was improved bylowering the drug concentration to below 40 mg/mL. See Table 5.

Example 4

For stability improvement, as well as for easier formulation process,lyophilization of the pazopanib 1HCl was performed before solubilizationin one or more formulation agents. Lyophilization was performed fromtrifluoro ethanol (TFE), trifluoro ethanol-water (90-10) mixture or fromdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Lyophilization is believed to transfer thehighly crystalline drug to mostly amorphous solid, which has morefavorable solubility properties. XRPD analysis was performed to comparethe crystalline structure of the 2HCl, 1HCl and the 1HCl lyophilizeddrug products; the result is shown in Table 3. The lyophilization methodis summarized in Table 4.

Method of Preparation Pazopanib 1HCl Formulation—DMSO Lyophilization

Lyophilization from DMSO: About 20-60 mg/mL of a pazopanib 1HCl solutionin DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) was prepared. The solution was thenfreeze-dried under conditions well known in the art. The solution wasdried under 35° C.-50° C. (e.g., at about 40° C.) for about 12 hours toabout 24 hours, and about 50° C.-65° C. (e.g., at about 60° C.) forabout 24 hours to about 40 hours, and at about 90° C.-110° C. (e.g., atabout 100° C.) for about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours.

Method of Preparation Pazopanib 1HCl Formulation—TFE Lyophilization

The crystalline form of about 60 mg/mL pazopanib 1HCl in trifluoroethanol was prepared. About 1% to about 30% water (e.g., about 20%)water was also added to the solution of the therapeutic agent solutionin trifluoro ethanol. The solution was then freeze dried (with orwithout the added water) under standard condition in the art. Thesolution was dried under 35° C.-50° C. (e.g., about 40° C.) for about 12hours to about 24 hours or at about and 50° C.-65° C. (e.g., at about60° C.) for about 4 hours to about 8 hours.

For both the DMSO and TFE lyophilized pazopanib 1HCl a one-step or atwo-step formulation method was used to prepare the formulations.

One-Step: When native pH was used, i.e., no pH adjustment of viscoussolution was necessary, the solubilization of the pharmaceuticalingredient were performed in one step. PVP-10k (polyvinyl pyrrolidone,MW=10 kDa) and Histidine HCl were weighed and dissolved in theappropriate amount of water by mixing the solution (vortex, shaking).CAPTISOL® was weighed, added and dissolved in the solution with shaking,vortexing the solution. Lyophilized pazopanib was weighed and then addedto the CAPTISOL® solution and dissolved completely by vortex,sonication, shaking at ambient or at elevated (e.g., about 37° C.-50°C.) temperatures. The formulation was filtered using a 0.2 um filter andstored at room temperature and protected from light.

In another method all solid excipients (CAPTISOL®, PVP andHistidine-HCl) and the therapeutic agent (pazopanib 1HCl) were measuredand mixed together first in a vial. Using continuous mixing, gradualaddition of the required water is performed. The solubilization of theformed dispersion can be done at ambient or elevated temperatures (e.g.,about 37° C.-50° C.); using elevated temperatures can reduce the timeneeded to achieve homogeneous solutions (e.g., about 24 hours-4 hours).The formulation can be used as is (native pH 3-4) or after pH adjustmentwith NaOH solution (pH 6-7).

Two-Step formulation process using the lyophilized therapeutic agent:Approximately half of the required CAPTISOL® in a vial was weighed anddissolved in the appropriate amount of water. PVP-10k (polyvinylpyrrolidone, MW=10 kDa) and Histidine HCl were added and dissolved bymixing the solution (vortex, sonication, shaking). Lyophilized pazopanib1HCl (lyophilized from TFE or DMSO) was weighed and then added to theCAPTISOL® solution. If needed, small amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl)was added to adjust and maintain the pH of the solution at equal to orlower than pH=2. Additives such as triacetin or glycerol were added. Theformulation was stirred and shaken at 37° C. or at room temperatureuntil pazopanib was completely dissolved. The dissolution of pazopanibcan take several hours. Next, the pH of the pazopanib-CAPTISOL® solutionwas adjusted to pH 6-7 by adding NaOH. Remaining CAPTISOL® was thenadded and dissolved completely by shaking/vortex the formulation at 37°C. or at room temperature. The pH was checked and, if needed, adjusted,before filtering the formulation using a 0.2 μm filter. The formulationwas stored at room temperature and protected from light. Content andpurity of the formulation was tested by HPLC and UV.

Example 5

Therapeutic agent release testing was performed by measuring the amountof therapeutic agent released by the PDS into a fluid representative ofvitreous, maintained at 37° C. in an incubator. The PDS was suspended ina container containing phosphate buffered saline. Periodically, the PDSwas transferred into a new container and the concentration oftherapeutic agent was measured in the fluid of the previous container.Rates were calculated from the amount of therapeutic agent releaseddivided by the sample collection duration. The percent cumulativerelease was calculated from the cumulative amount of therapeutic agentdivided by the amount of therapeutic agent initially filled into thetherapeutic device (PDS). The half-life was calculated from the percentcumulative release at 4 weeks.

Therapeutic agent release was performed on pazopanib 1HCl or 2HClformulated with CAPTISOL®. The formulations were filled into therapeuticdevices (PDS) having reservoir volume of 23 μL. Chloride contentcomparison of the pazopanib samples are shown in Table 2. XRD resultsare shown in Table 3.

Drug release comparison: Therapeutic agent release rate was tested bymeasuring the amount of therapeutic agent released by the PDS intoreceiver fluid (PBS buffer) at 37° C. Therapeutic agent release testingwas performed by measuring the amount of therapeutic agent released bythe PDS into a fluid representative of vitreous, maintained at 37° C. inan incubator. The PDS was suspended in a container containing phosphatebuffered saline. Periodically, the PDS was transferred into a newcontainer and the concentration of therapeutic agent was measured in thefluid of the previous container. Rates were calculated from the amountof therapeutic agent released divided by the sample collection duration.The percent cumulative release was calculated from the cumulative amountof therapeutic agent divided by the amount of therapeutic agentinitially filled into the therapeutic device (PDS). The half-life wascalculated from the percent cumulative release at 4 weeks. Results areshown in FIG. 1 and summarized below:

1. Pazopanib-2HCl (sample-1) in CAPTISOL® (PA-96):

-   -   Formulation was 60.0 mg/mL Pazopanib, 2.2:1 CAPTISOL®, 1% PVP, 6        mg/ml Histidine HCl, pH 6.5    -   Half-life=53 days;

2. Pazopanib-1HCl (sample-2) in CAPTISOL® (PA-110):

-   -   Formulation was 60.0 mg/mL Pazopanib, 2.2:1 CAPTISOL®, 1% PVP, 6        mg/ml Histidine HCl, pH 6.5    -   Half-life=99 days; visible drug precipitation during release

3. Pazopanib-1HCl-lyophilized from TFE (PAL-18)

-   -   Formulation was 36 mg/mL Pazopanib, 4:1 CAPTISOL®, 1% PVP, 25        mg/ml Histidine HCl, pH 6.5    -   Half-life=45 days

4. Pazopanib-1HCl-lyophilized from DMSO (PAD-5)

-   -   Formulation was 50 mg/mL Pazopanib, 3:1 CAPTISOL®, 1% PVP, 6        mg/ml Histidine HCl, pH 3.4    -   Half-life=45 days

Example 6

Precipitation test—comparative results: This test was performed with theaim to model the conditions upon drug release, i.e., when a small amountof formulation is released into a large amount of buffer solution. Inthe model, if the drug precipitated out upon dilution (release) that cancause clogging of the device and/or loss of drug because the solid drugwould not be measurable in the receiver fluid (also it possibly wouldnot be accessible when released under in vivo conditions). To performthe test, the formulation was diluted 330 fold with phosphate bufferedsaline solution (with about 0.1% sodium azide), e.g., 3 μL offormulation is added to 1 mL PBS buffer. The solution was kept in a 37°C. thermostat and periodically checked for appearance of crystalgrowth/precipitation. The formulations prepared from different drugsources exhibited different stability against precipitation upondilution, as summarized in Table 5.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The entire disclosure of each of the patent documents and scientificarticles referred to herein is incorporated by reference for allpurposes. In the present disclosure the host document is identified withsufficient particularity and materials that are relevant to thedisclosure is construed based on the context of the reference. Citationof publications and patent documents is not intended as an admissionthat any is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission asto the contents or date of the same. The invention having now beendescribed by way of written description, those of skill in the art willrecognize that the invention can be practiced in a variety ofembodiments and the foregoing description and examples are for purposesof illustration and not limitation of the claims that follow.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

While the invention has been described in conjunction with the detaileddescription thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrateand not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scopeof the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications arewithin the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating an ophthalmic disease orameliorating a symptom of an ophthalmic disease in a patient in needthereof, the method comprising: (i) implanting a device in a vitreoushumor of an eye of the patient; wherein the device comprises a reservoirchamber coupled to a porous structure; wherein the reservoir chambercomprises a pharmaceutical formulation; and (ii) wherein the devicedelivers the pharmaceutical formulation via the porous structure to thevitreous humor of the eye of the patient, thereby treating theophthalmic disease or ameliorating the symptom of the ophthalmicdisease; wherein the pharmaceutical formulation comprises: (i) acyclodextrin, and (ii) about 30 mg/mL to about 60 mg/mL of an ophthalmictherapeutic agent; wherein the ophthalmic therapeutic agent is: (a) insolution in the formulation, and (b) has a solubility of less than 1mg/mL in water.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ophthalmic diseaseis in a posterior segment of the eye of the patient.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising filling the reservoir chamber with thepharmaceutical formulation after the device is inserted into thevitreous humor of the eye of the patient.
 4. The method of claim 1,further comprising filling the reservoir chamber with the pharmaceuticalformulation from about 30 days to about 6 months after the device isinserted into the vitreous humor of the eye of the patient.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation comprises fromabout 30 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL of the ophthalmic therapeutic agent. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation comprisesfrom about 40 mg/mL to about 60 mg/mL of the ophthalmic therapeuticagent.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of thecyclodextrin to the ophthalmic therapeutic agent is from about 9:1 toabout 2:1.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the cyclodextrin ishydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, randomlymethylated-β-cyclodextrin, ethylated-β-cyclodextrin,triacetyl-β-cyclodextrin, peracetylated-β-cyclodextrin,carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin,2-hydroxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl-β-cyclodextrin,glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin, maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, branched-β-cyclodextrin,hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated-γ-cyclodextrin,trimethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, or a combination of two or more thereof. 9.The method of claim 1, wherein the cyclodextrin is β-cyclodextrinsulfobutyl ether, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, or a combinationthereof.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the formulation comprisesfrom about 585 mg/mL to about 660 mg/mL of the cyclodextrin.
 11. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the formulation further comprises trehalose,methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sodiumhyaluronate, sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, propyleneglycol, triacetin, N,N-dimethylacetamide, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone),pyrrolidone, or a combination of two or more thereof.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the formulation further comprises from about 0.2% toabout 1.0% of trehalose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, sodium hyaluronate, sodium alginate,polyethylene glycol, glycerin, propylene glycol, triacetin,N,N-dimethylacetamide, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), pyrrolidone, or acombination of two or more thereof.
 13. The method of claim 1, whereinthe formulation further comprises poly(vinyl pyrrolidone).
 14. Themethod of claim 1, where the formulation further comprises from about0.8% to about 1.0% of the poly(vinyl pyrrolidone).
 15. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the ophthalmic therapeutic agent is in the form of apharmaceutically acceptable monovalent or divalent salt.
 16. The methodof claim 1, wherein the ophthalmic disease is retinopathy, maculardegeneration, neovascularization, uveitis, retinal vein occlusion,ocular trauma, edema, ocular ischemia, Coat's disease, or glaucoma. 17.The method of claim 1, wherein the ophthalmic disease is diabeticretinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, sickle cell retinopathy,age-related macular degeneration, pathological choroidalneovascularization, pathological retinal neovascularization,surgery-induced neovascularization, surgery-induced edema, cystoidmacular edema; neovascular glaucoma, uveitis, retinal vein occlusion,ocular trauma, ocular ischemia, or Coat's disease.